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Crops
basics of plant growth / genetic engineering and biotechnology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are two ways that growth occurs? | 1. enlargement of a single leaf, fruit, stem, or root 2. the formation of new cells |
| Three areas of growth | 1. the stems and roots 2. axils of leaves 3. cambium layer in stems and roots |
| differentiation | is the change in cells that results in the formation of a specialized part |
| development | growth and differentiation |
| genes | basic unit of inheritance |
| gametes | egg and sperm |
| alleles | different forms of the same gene, same location |
| genome | complete set of instructions for making a plant or any organism (like blueprints) |
| chromosomes | tightly coiled threads of DNA organized into structures |
| consists of two strands wrapped around each other | DNA |
| what is DNA made of? | Sugar and phosphate molecules |
| how are the strands of DNA connected? | nitrogen-containing chemicals called bases |
| adenine binds with what? | thymine |
| cytosine binds with what? | guanime |
| why do specific bases have to bind with each other? | Space |
| the rules of base pairing are often referred to as what? | Watson-Crick base pairing |
| gene | specific sequence of nucleotide's bases and they carry information of protein construction. |
| proteins | provide the structural components of cells, tissues, and enzymes |
| what are proteins made up of? | amino acids |
| how many different amino acids are found in proteins | 20 |
| Codons | three DNA bases that control what protein is made |
| 1 protein needs how many base pairs? | about 3000 |
| protein-coding is done through what | mRNA |
| how are genes expressed? | RNA |
| where is RNA transcribed | in the nucleus |
| what happens to the RNA after it is made? | moved to the cytoplasm where it serves as a template for protein synthesis |
| what is gene action controlled by? | hormones and nutrients |
| heredity | controls the factors affecting characteristics of any organism |
| what are 5 different plant hormones | 1. auxins 2. cytokins 3. gibberellins 4. abscisic acid 5. ethylene |
| what is auxins responsible for? | elongations and stem bending |
| what is cytokins responsible for? | cell division |
| what is gibberellins responsible for? | elongation |
| what is abscisic acid responsible for? | many functions |
| what is ethylene responsible for? | ripening |
| turgor pressure | internal water pressure extending the walls |
| what environmental factor effects nutrient uptake and hormonal activity? | temperature and light |
| what environmental factor effects pigmentation? | wavelengths |
| what are all physiological activity directly related too | temperature |
| what are plant hormones and regulators sometimes referred to as? | bio-stimulants or bio-inhibitors |
| what do plant hormones and regulators do? | work inside cells to inhibit or stimulate specific enzymes or enzyme systems and assist in regulating plant metabolism |
| plant hormones can be used to do what in agriculture? | 1. prevent lodging 2. synchronize maturity 3. weed control 4. promote germination 5. improve crop yields |
| with biotechnology are we acceleration the natural selection process? | yes |
| with the use of biotechnology is plant breeding any different then the natural selection process? | yes because it is not natural and we may be creating organisms that might not otherwise have existed. |
| what is the advantage of biotechnology over selective breeding? | 1. more specific 2. faster 3. flexibility 4. less expense |
| how does biotechnology cause less expense? | 1. less pesticide use 2. less cost to the environment 3. less medications for animals 4. less crop loss |
| biotechnology definition | methods for the manipulation of genetic information to create life forms that may not have emerged in nature. |
| 4 major scientific revolutions of this century | 1. unlocking the atom 2. escaping earth's gravity 3. computer revolution 4. biotechnology |
| genetic engineering (manipulation) | process of taking genes from their normal location in one organism and either transferring them elsewhere or putting them back into the original organism in a different combination |
| what is recombinant DNA (rDNA) | genes that have been cut, reconstructed, and inserted into existing DNA |
| how do we break DNA at certain points | enzymes |
| plasmids | small circles of DNA that pass easily from cell to cell |
| insulin | yeast or bacteria based insulin is replacing animal based insulin |
| interferon | protein that helps with MS, Cancer, and Viruses |
| Hormones | BST |
| what are current uses of biotechnology | 1. resistance to pests 2. resistance to disease 3. higher Quality food |
Created by:
rachhuiz
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