Chapter 8.1 PSY
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| show | The study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the life span.
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| show | Piaget's term for a cognitive structure or concept used to identify and interpret information
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| show | The process by which new objects, events, experiences, or information is incorporated into existing schemes
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| show | The process by which existing schemes are modified and new schemes are created to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, or information
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| Define the Sensorimotor Stage | show 🗑
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| show | The understanding that one thing-an object, a word, a drawing- can stand for another
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| show | The concept that a given quantity of matter remains the same despite being rearranged or changed in appearance, as long as nothing is added or taken
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| Reversibility | show 🗑
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| Native Idealism | show 🗑
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| imaginary audience | show 🗑
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| show | An exaggerated sense of personal uniqueness and indestructibility, which may be the basis for adolescent risk taking.
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| Zone of proximal development | show 🗑
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| Scaffolding | show 🗑
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| Preconventional Level | show 🗑
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| show | Kohlberg's second level of moral development, in which right and wrong are based on the internalized standards of others; "right" is whatever helps or is approved of by others, or whatever is consistent with the laws of society.
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| Postconventional level | show 🗑
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| show | Erikson's eight developmental stages for the entire life span; each is defined by a conflict that must be resolved satisfactorily for healthy personality development to occur.
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| Prenatal development | show 🗑
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| show | Harmful agents in the prenatal environment, which can have a negative impact on prenatal development or even cause birth defects
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| Critical Period | show 🗑
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| Reflexes | show 🗑
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| Maturation | show 🗑
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| Temperament | show 🗑
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| show | The strong affectionate bond a child forms with the mother or primary caregiver
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| Telegraphic Speech | show 🗑
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| show | the act of inappropriately applying the grammatical rules for forming plurals and past tenses to irregular nouns and verbs
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| show | The process of learning socially acceptable behaviors, attitudes, and values
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| Adolescene | show 🗑
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| Secondary Sex Characteristics | show 🗑
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| show | The onset of menstruation
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| show | The period from the late teens to early 20s when individuals explore options prior to committing to adult roles
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| General Slowing | show 🗑
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| show | Aspects of intelligence, including verbal ability and accumulated knowledge, that tend to increase over the life span
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| show | Aspects of intelligence involving abstract reasoning and mental flexibility, which peak in the early 20s and decline slowly as people age.
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| show | Maintaining one's physical health, mental abilities, social competence, and overall satisfaction with life as one gets older
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| Motivation | show 🗑
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| show | A fixed behavior pattern that is characteristic of every member of a species
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| Drive- reduction theory | show 🗑
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| Drive | show 🗑
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| Homeostatis | show 🗑
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| show | A state of alertness and mental and physical activation
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| show | A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation
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| Stimulus motives | show 🗑
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| show | The principle that performance on tasks is best when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task: higher arousal for simple tasks, moderate arousal for tasks of moderate difficulty, and lower arrousal for complex tasks
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| Social Motive | show 🗑
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| show | The need to accomplish something difficult and to perform at a high standard of excellence
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| Goal orientation theory | show 🗑
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| Industrial/Organizational (I/O) psychologists | show 🗑
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| show | The conditions and processes responsible for the arousal, direction, magnitude, and maintenance of effort or workers on the job
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| Primary drives | show 🗑
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| Metabolic rate | show 🗑
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| Sexual Response Cycle | show 🗑
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| show | An indentifiable feeling state involving physiological arousal, a cognitive appraisal of the situation or stimulus causing that internal body state, and an outward behavior expressing the state
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| show | The theory that emotional feelings result when an individual becomes aware of a physiological response to an emotion-provoking stimulus (for example, feeling fear because of trembling)
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| show | The theory that an emotion-provoking stimulus is transmitted simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, providing the conscious mental experience of the emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, causing the physiological arousal
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| Schachter-Singer Theory | show 🗑
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| show | The theory that a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response and all other aspects of an emotion, including physiological arousal, depend on it
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| show | emotions that are unlearned and universal, that are reflected in the same facial expressions across cultures, and that emerge in children according to their biological timetable of development; ex: fear, anger, disgust, surprise, happiness, and sadness
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| Personality | show 🗑
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| Psycholoanalysis | show 🗑
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| Conscious | show 🗑
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| Preconsious | show 🗑
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| show | For Freud, the primary motivating force of human behavior, containing repressed memories as well as instincts, wishes, and desires that have never been conscious
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| show | A means used by the ego to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem
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| show | A series of stages through which the sexual instinct develops; each stage is defined by an erogenous zone around which conflict arises
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| Fixation | show 🗑
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| Personal Unconscious | show 🗑
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| show | In Jung's theory, the most inaccessible layer of the unconscious, which contains the universal experiences of humankind throughout evolution
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| show | Existing in the collective unconscious, an inherited tendency to respond to universal human situations in particular ways.
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| show | Developing one's fullest potential
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| Conditions of worth | show 🗑
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| show | Unqualified caring and nonjudgemental acceptance of another
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| Trait | show 🗑
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| five-factor model | show 🗑
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| show | The view that personality can be defined as a collection of learned behaviors acquired through social interactions
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| show | a discussion among theorists about the relative influence of traits and situations on personality
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| Reciprocal Determinism | show 🗑
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| Self-efficacy | show 🗑
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| show | Rotters concept of a cognitive factor explaining how people account 4 what happens in their lives; either seeing themselves as primarily in control of their behavior & consequences/percieving what happens to them to be in the hands of fate/luck/chance
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| Indiviualism/conllectivism/dimension | show 🗑
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| show | A paper-and-pencil test with questions about a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, which measures several dimensions of personality and can be scored according to a standard procedure
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| show | The most extensively researched and widely used personality test, which is used to screen for and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders.
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| California Personality Inventory (CPI) | show 🗑
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| show | A personality inventory useful for measuring normal individual differences; based on Jung's theory of personality
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| Projective Test | show 🗑
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| show | A projective test composed of 10 inkblots that the test-taker is asked to describe; used to assess personality, make differential diagnoses, plan and evaluate treatment, and predict behavior.
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| show | A projective test consisting of drawings of ambiguous human situations, which the test taker describes; thought to reveal inner feelings, conflicts, and motives, which are projected onto the test materials
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| Most of the children in the New York Longitudinal Study (Thomas, Chess & Birch) displayed a(n) ________. A) Insecure attachment B) Difficult Temperament C) Easy Temperament D) Slow-to-warm-up temperament E) Secure Attachment | show 🗑
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| Alfred Adler | show 🗑
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| show | Stage 1; involving the mouth, experiences include weaning, oral gratification from sucking, eating, and biting; Adult outcomes due to problems include: Optimism, gullibility, dependency, pessimism, passivity, hostility, sarcasm and aggression
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| show | Stage 2; Involving the anus; Experiences include toilet training and gratification from expelling and withholding feces; adult outcomes due to problems include: excessive cleanliness, orderliness, stinginess, messiness, rebelliousness, and destructiveness
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| Phallic Stage | show 🗑
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| Latency Stage | show 🗑
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| Genital Stage | show 🗑
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| show | 1st part; muscular tension increases, heart rates quicken, and blood pressure rises
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| show | 2nd Part; blood pressure and tension increase more and breathing becomes heavy and rapid
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| Orgasm Phase | show 🗑
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| Resolution Phase | show 🗑
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| show | Occurs in men during the Resolution Phase
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| show | All people progress through the stages in the same order but not at the same rate.
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| A teenagers personal fable includes... (3) | show 🗑
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| show | avoid all punishment or gain a reward
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| Someone who is postconventional would want to... | show 🗑
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| show | "mama see ball"
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| show | "kitty" meaning a lion
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| Increased exercise is important to counteract the body's tendency to.... | show 🗑
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| show | Alfred Kinsey
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| show | parental investment
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| show | C) sensory
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| show | James-Lange Theory
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| show | cognitive development
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| According to Maslow, the need for love and affiliation is satisfied _________ basic biological needs and the need for safety. A) Instead of B) Before C) At the same time D) After | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | social needs
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| Trina smiled and thanked her friend for a birthday gift that she really did not like. Trina has learned the ______ of her culture. | show 🗑
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| Karl is an eight-month old boy who has not received very good care from his caretakers. They respond to him when they have time and are often annoyed by his crying. Which stage of psychosocial development will Karl have unsuccessfully resolved? | show 🗑
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| The _____ phase comes before the _______ phase in the sexual response cycle. | show 🗑
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| Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that the physiological response occurs simultaneously with the emotion? | show 🗑
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| show | unconditional positive regard
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| show | Crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence
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| show | Lawrence kohlberg
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| show | Sigmund Freud
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| show | The Schacter-Singer theory
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| show | Preoperational
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| _______ is a process that causes us to begin and maintain a particular behavior in order to satisfy certain needs or desires. | show 🗑
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| show | The behavioral assessment; behaviorists
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| People with a __________ relish opportunities to take on new challenges. | show 🗑
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| Austin is walking down the street when suddenly a dog begins to bark at him. His heart begins to pound and then fear and nervousness set in. Which theory of emotion best fist this situation? | show 🗑
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| People who believe that whatever happens to them is in the hands of fate, luck, or chance have a(n) _______. | show 🗑
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| show | Adolescence; indentity vs role confusion
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| Lannie is an 18 month old child who has a dog at home. When he sees a horse for the first time, he says to his father, "look at doggie!" What term best decribes Lannie's comment? | show 🗑
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