Tissue terminology
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| Microvilli | - tiny projections that absorb nutrients,
- also have membrane junctions
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| Plasma membrane (cell) | Selects what goes in and out (all Have this)
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| Fluid Mosaic Model (Plasma Membrane) | - Phospho-lipids (cushioning insulation)
- Proteins (growth and repair)
**** Both are double layered****
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| Phospho-lipids | cushioning insulation
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| what do proteins do? | growth and repair
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| semi-permeable | Allows only certain substances in and out
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| simple diffusion | higher concentration to lower concentration
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| Osmosis | diffusion of H2O
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| Facilitated diffusion | carrier molecules speed up diffusion rate
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| Filtration example | kidneys
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| Active Transport | cell uses energy (lower to higher)
** pulling in or out for the needs of the cell
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| Active Transport - example | Arsenic - to keep out of cells
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| Active Processes | move against a concentration gradient
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| Bulk transport | Exo-cytosis - large particles leave the cell
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| Exo-cytosis | Moves large particles out of the cell
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| Endo-cytosis | Substance entering the cell
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
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| Phago-cytosis | engulfs large solids -
(and is called cell eating)
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| Pino-cytosis | engulfs large liquids
(cell drinking)
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| 2 types of Endo-cytosis | 1. Phago-cytosis
2. Pino-cytosis
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| What is Cyto-plasm | - jelly like material in cells (like egg white)
- (70%)H2O - (30%)proteins,lipids, minerals
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| What is Mito-chondria | "powerhouse"
"cellular respiration"
"makes energy" (ATP)
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| Ribosomes | Makes Protein Synthesis
*** "the little dots"
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | - Transport system of proteins and lipids
- Rough ER & Smooth ER
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| ATP Cycle | Break ATP Bond and Rebuild
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| Golgi Apparatus | Package and store proteins,lipids,carbs
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| Lysosomes | Digestive organelles -
(devour bad stuff)
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| Vacuoles | Storage Organelles
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| Cyto-skeletal | Supports cell, protein filaments
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| Centrioles - **Animal Cells ONLY" | **animal cells ONLY"
-Cell division (cylinders)
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| What is the Nucleus | the control center
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| Nucleolus (Ncleoli-Plural) | makes ribosomes & RNA
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| Chromatin | All of your Chromosomes
- 46 per cell
- DNA -heredity (code of life)
- thread like
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| Cell Life cycle | 1-Inter-phase
(Mitosis)
2-Pro-phase
-Meta-phase
3-Ana-phase
4-Tele-phase
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| Inter-phase | resting normal replicate DNA
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| Mitosis | Cell Division
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| Pro-phase | Chromosomes double
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| Meta-phase | - (Chromatids)Line up in the middle & divide equally
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| Ana-Phase | - Pairs split apart
- single strands migrate to each end
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| Telo-phase | - Cell membrane pinches in
- Cyto-kinesis-cell divides(division of cytoplasm)
- two new cells are formed (daughter cells)
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| Protein Synthesis deal with - | - DNA - Deoxy-ribonucleic acid (w/out Oxygen)
- RNA - Ribonucleic acid
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| Describe DNA | - 2 strands - Never leave the Nucleus -
- Double Helix
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| Describe RNA | - 1 strand,
- 2 kinds (transfer & Messenger)(TRNA & MRNA)
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| Primary functions of Epithelial Tissues | - Protection
- Absorption
- Filtration
- Secretion
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| Epithelial cells Have: | - Close cell junctions
- Basement Membranes - lowest surface
Avascular - no blood supply, Diffusion
Regeneration - very fast, Mitosis
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| 3 cell shapes Epithelial Cells have are | - Squamous - flattened
- Cuboidal - cube shaped
- Columnar - taller than wide
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| Squamous shape is | Flattened
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| Cuboidal shape is | Cube shaped
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| Columnar Shaped is | more tall than wide
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| 3 Types of Epithelial Tissues | - Simple- single layer
- Stratified - many layers
- Pseudostratified - Looks like many layers but is only 1
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| Describe - Simple Squamous | - one layer
- Filtration
- Diffusion
- Thin
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| location of Simple Squamous | Pericardium - Alveoli - Capillary walls
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| Describe -Simple Cuboidal | - one layer
- cube shaped
- Not as thin as simple squamous for more protection
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| Locations of Simple Cuboidal | - Ducts of glands - salivary & sweat glands - covering the ovary
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| Describe Simple Columnar | - more tall than wide
- have Goblet Cells(Secrete Mucous)
- line the digestive tract
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| Location of Simple Columnar | Digestive tract
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| Describe Pseudostratified Columnar | -one cell layer (looks like many layers)
-CILIATED w/Goblet Cells
-line the Respiratory tract
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| what do the Ciliated Goblet cells in the Pseudostratified Columnar cells do? | produces mucus to moisten & warm the air
and catches bacteria
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| Describe Stratified Squamous | ** Most protective
- Several Layers / Flat
- located at the portal of entry
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| Location of Stratified Squamous | Rectum, Skin, lining of mouth
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| Describe Transitional | *** Can Stretch
- relaxed - many layers,
- Stretched - one layer
- Rounded on edges
- Bladder or Uterus
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| Location of Transitional | Bladder or Uterus
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| Body Tissues - Glandular Epithelial does what? | Secretes
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| What does Endo-crine mean? | - "in" - No Duct
- Hormones---Blood
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| What does Exo-crine | - "OUT" Ducts
- Sweat,salivary, oil glands, bile duct, pancreatic duct
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| What is Exo-crine tissue lined with? | Stratified cuboidal or Stratified Columnar
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| Functions of Connective Tissues | - protects
- supports
- connects & binds
Vascularized - "Good Blood supply"
**except for Tendons,Ligaments & Cartilage
Extra-cellular Matrix - "Like Jello"
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| What is Extra-cellular Matrix | Non-Living - like Jello
- Liquid
- Gel Solid
- Semi Solid
- Solid
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| Connective tissues do what? | Hold things together
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| Body Tissues - Fibers (2 types) | Collagen = made of protein - White & Strong
Elastin = Yellow & stretch
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| What is Collagen made of? Color? | Proteins, White & Strong
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| What color is Elastin? What does it do? | Yellow, & Stretch
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| 4 kinds of Specialized Cells | - Fibro-blasts
- Osteo-cytes
- Chondro-cytes
- Macro-phages
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| What do fibroblasts do? | Make fibers
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| What do Osteo-cytes do? | Make bone cells
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| What do Chondro-cytes do? | Make Cartilage Cells
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| What do Macro-phanges do? | - Engulf Bacteria
- Macro= BIG
- Phanges= to Eat
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| 2 Types of Connective Tissues | - Loose
- Dense
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| Describe Loose Connective Tissues | - Liquid matrix
- Fibers are COLLAGEN & ELASTIN
- Cells are FIBROBLASTS
- Fat Cells & Plasma Cells
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| Where is Loose connective tissue found? | Areolar(most common)- Primary component of the Dermis layer of skin
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| What Matrix does Loose connective tissues have? | Liquid
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| What Fibers does Loose connective tissues have? | Collagen & Elastin
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| What cells do Loose connective tissues have? | Fibroblasts
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| Describe Dense Connective Tissue | "Fibrous" - Poor Blood Supply
- Collagen fibers - few fibroblasts
Tendons- bone to muscle
Ligament- bone to bone
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| What Fibers does Dense Connective tissue have? | Collagen Fibers
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| Where are Dense Connective Tissues found? | Tendons & Ligaments
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| Adipose | Fat
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| Describe "Adipose" | - fat
- Large Vacuole w/droplet of oil
- Sub-cutaneous Layer around organs
- Insulation & Cushion & Stores Energy
- Good Blood Supply
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| Cartilage | - no blood supply
- Collagen & elastin fibers
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| Cartilage Matrix | Cartilage cells in gel matrix
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| 3 types of Cartilage | 1. Hyaline - glassy (Rib, Fetus)
2. Elastin - Elastin Fibers (Outer Ear)
3. Fibro-cartilage - Collegen (Vert.Disc& Knees)
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| Bone | "Osseous"
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| Bone Cells | Osteocytes
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| Bone cells made of | Collagen fibers
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| Bone cell matrix | Solid matrix - Ca & P
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| Blood | "Liquid"
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| Blood Cells (3) | 1.Red, 2.White, 3.Platelets
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| Blood cells made of | plasma & Fibers
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| Blood matrix | Fluid
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| Muscle Tissues (3) | 1. Skeletal - striated, 2. Cardiac, 3.Smooth
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| Describe Skeletal Muscle Tissue | - Striations, - Voluntary, - Attached to bone, Gross movements
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| Describe Cardiac Muscle Tissue | - Striations, - Involuntary, - Branching, - Heart
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| Describe Smooth Muscle Tissue | - NO Striations, - Involuntary, - Blood vessels, - Organs of Digestion, - Peristalsis (wave contraction in digestion)
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| Describe Nervous Tissues | - Irritability, - "react to stimuli", - Conductivity (flow of ions, Na+ & K+)
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| 2 types of tissue repair | 1. Regeneration, 2. Fibrosis
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| What is Regeneration | Tissue repair with Good Blood Supply, Replacement with same type of cell, (Mitosis)
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| What is Fibrosis |
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| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 1) | 1.Growth - mitosis
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| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 2) | 2.Aging - Collagen fibers loss, Muscle-loss, Bone-loss, Thinning of epithelial
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| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 3) | 3.Neoplasms - Cancerous - Abnormal growth rapidly dividing cells. (Either Benign or Malignant)
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| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 4) | 4.Hyperplasia - enlargement of body tissue
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| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 5) | 5.Atrophy - Decrease in muscle size
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| Developmental Aspects of Tissues (step 6) | 6.Hypertrophy - increase
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