Lecture Unit 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Upper Respiratory Tract | Sphenoidal sinus, Frontal sinus, Nasal cavity, Pharynx. Label!
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| Lower Respiratory Tract | Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs. Label!
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| Functions of the Respiratory System | WORKS CLOSELY WITH CIRCULATROY SYSTEM-if either one fails, O2 starvation begins. PULMONARY VENTILATION-breathing. GAS EXCHANGE-requires capillaries. GAS CONDITIONING. SOUND PRODUCTION. OLFACTION. DEFENSE.
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| Nose and nasal Cavity | Provides an airway for respiration. Lined w/ pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Aids w/ gas conditioning. Resonating chamber for speech and sound. Houses olfactory receptors.
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| How aids with gas conditioning | Blood vessels and mucus help moisten and warm entering air. Nasal conchae increase tubulence to increase contact with nasal mucosa. Mucus and vibrissae (hairs) filter inhaled air.
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| Pharynx | Throat. Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus. 3 regions: Nasopharynx-pseudostratified ciliated columnar. Oropharynx-stratified squamous. Laryngopharynx-stratified squamous.
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| Larynx | Voice box. Provides open airway. Routes air and food-Epiglottis (elastic cartilage) closes over larynx to prevent food from entering. False & true vocal cords.
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| False Vocal Cords | AKA vestibular folds. Superior. Don't produce sound.
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| True Vocal Cords | AKA vocal folds. Inferior, produce sound.
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| Trachea | "C" shaped hyaline cartilage rings. posterior wall is not rigid, muscular. Carina. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Mucus producing goblet cells=mucus escalator.
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| Lungs | Base-rests on diaphragm. Apex-superior region. Hilum. Cardiac Impression-medial side. Cardiac notch-anterior.
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| Hilum | Region where bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass. Collectively, all structures passing through the hilum are termed the root o the lung.
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| Bronchial Tree | Primary bronchi, Secondary (lobar) bronchi-2 left, 3 right. Tertiary (segmental) bronchi-8-10 left, 10 right. 9-12 more bronchi divisions. Bronchioles-microscopic.
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| Bronchioconstriciton | In bronchioles. Caused by smooth muscle. Airways open and shrink.
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| Pleura | Serous membrane lining the lungs. Parietal pleura, Visceral pleura, Pleural cavity=space between 2 layers. Pleural fluid-lubrication prevents friction of lungs during breathing.
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| Bronchioles and Alveoli | Terminal bronchioles, Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Pulmonary alveoli.
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| Alveoli | Microscopic Bubbles. Type 1 cells. Type 2 cells. Dust cells (macrophages). Respiratory membrane. Alveolar pores. Label!
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| Alveoli Type 1 Cells | Simple squamous epithelium. Most common.
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| Alveoli Type 2 Cells | Secrete surfactant which reduces surface tension & prevents alveoli from collapsing. W/o surfactant lung would collapse after each breath.
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| Alveoli Repiratory Membrane | Air-blood barrier. Where alveoli comes in contact with capillary.
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| Ventilation: Inspiration or Inhalation | Diaphragm contracts-moves inferiorly & flattens. Increases volume of thoracic cavity. Decreases thoracic cavity pressure. Air rushes into the lungs. External intercostals, scalenes, pectoralis minor contract. Increase volume of cavity in deep inspiration.
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| Ventilation: Expiration or Exhalation | Diaphragm passively relaxes. Moves superiorly & gets dome shaped. Decreases volume of thoracic cavity. Increases pressure. Air leaves lungs. Abdominal wall & internal intercostals contract. Decrease volume of thoracic cavity during forced exp.
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| External respiration | Gas exchange between blood and air at the aleoli. Transport of respiratory gases. O2 diffuses from air into blood. CO2 diffuses form blood into air. In lungs. Between alveoli & capillaries.
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| Internal respiration | Gases exchange between blood and tissue cells. Transport of respiratory gases. O2 diffuses from blood into body cells. CO2 diffuses from body cells into blood. Occurs at target tissue/cell.
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| Cystic Fibrosis | Genetic. Affects organs that secrete. Cells cannot secrete chloride. Results in thick, sticky mucus. Treatments: antibiotics, pancreatic enzymes, caloric supplements. Too much thick mucus. Fills up organs. Alveoli fill up. Death by 20-30.
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| Asthma | Hypersensitivity leads to inflammation & bronchoconstriction. Wheezing, coughing, excess mucous. Treatment: inhaled steroids mixed w/ brochodilators. May occur in response to pollen, smoke, mold, dust, mites, exercise, or anxiety. No room for air.
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| Emphysema | Poorly functioning alveoli due to dilation of alveoli and loss of elastic tissue. Air trapped in alveoli. usually caused by smoking. No cure.
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| Pneumonia | Infection of the alveoli of the lungs resulting in swelling & reduced capacity for gas exchange. May be caused by bacteria or fungi. Cough, fever, rapid breathing, & sputum.
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| Lung Cancer | Usually caused by cigarette smoking. 3 common types: Squamous cell carcinoma-most common. Adenocarcinoma-in mucus glands. Small cell carcinoma-In bronchiole tree. Most effective treatment is complete removal of diseased lung.
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| Development of the respiratory system | Starts as buds. 1st primary bronchial buds form, then secondary bronchial buds, then tertiary bronchi.
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