My Animal Science Words
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| Nutrient | Any food component the body requires to support life includes life including water, carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals and vitamins
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| Malnutrition | Abnormal nutrition; caused by a diet that contains too much or too little of one or more essential nutrients
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| Mouth | Teeth grasps, tear and grind food into small pieces, tongue position food for swallowing
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| Esophagus | Transport food from mouth to stomach
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| Stomach | Provides food storage
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| Stomach Intestine | Mixes ingested foods with bile and digestive enzymes
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| Large Intestine | Absorbs water and electrolytes, recycling them for use within the body.
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| Rectum | External openings at the end of digestive tract.
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| Salivary Glands | Secrete saliva to moisten and lubricate foods play role in evaporative cooling in dogs and cats
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| Liver | Produces bile to help digest foods. Stores glucose as glycogen.
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| Pancreas | Produces insulin and gluagon to help control glugagon metabolism
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| Energy | ability to do work; all body activities requires energy and all needs are meet by consuming food; which consuming food, which contains in chemical form, energy content of food is expressed kilo calories
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| Metabolism | all of the complex, integrated chemical and physical processes that makes life possible.
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| Digestibility | proportion of nutrients in food available for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract
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| Bioavailability | amount of nutrient absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in a form that the body can use.
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| As Fed Basics | Concentration of nutrients in food in the form consumed by the animal; includes moisture content of the food
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| Dry Method Basics | method of expressing a food nutrient content on a moisture free basics
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| Energy Basis | concentration of nutrients in food expressed per unit of energy usually per 100 kilocalories.
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| Metabolizable Energy | Amount of energy in a food available for the body use measured in calories or kilocalories
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| Kilocalories | 1000 calories; one calorie is the energy needed to raise temperature of 1g water from 14.5 to 15.5
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| Solvant | liquid in which another substance is dissolved to form a solution.
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| Hydrolysis | process by which complex materials are broken down into simpler ones by adding water; one of the most basic and prevent life processes
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| Maintenance | the amount and quaility of the diet required to maintain an adult animal without providing additional nutrients for production, reproduction and weight gain
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| Gross energy | total amount of potential energy in food, not completely used by the animal because some energy loses occurs during digestion and expelled from urine and feces
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| Body Condition Score | Determination of an relative proportion of muscle to fat using visual assessment and palpation
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| Lean Body Mass | Fat Free mass of the body; that part of the body including its components except fats
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| Energy Density | Number of calories provided by a given weight or volume of pet food
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| Enzymes | Any protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body acting as a catalyst
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| Digestion | act or process of converting food into chemical compounds that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the blood tissues
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| Digest | physical or enzymatic breakdown of food into simpler compounds that can be absorbed and incorporated by the body
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| Monaccharides | simple surgars
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| Metabolism | all the complex; interrelated chemicals and physical processes that makes life possible; includes anabolism, the process by which organic substances are build and maintained
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| Nonessential Amino Acids | amino acids synthesized in the body body in sufficient amounts so that they do not need to be obtained from food.
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| Glycoproteins | proteins joined to carbohydrates; function as cell membrane bound enzymes and receptors
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| Glycolipids | lipids that contains carbohydrates groups such as galactose and glucose
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| Lactase | Encyme in the intestine mucosa that spits lactose into glucose and galactose
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| Essential Diatary Nutrients | Nutrients that the body cannot synthesize at a sufficient rate to meet body needs and must be supplied by the diet
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| Metabolically Essential | required by the body for normal function
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| Glucconeogenesis | Production of glucose from amino acids and glycerol; occurs in the liver
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| Dipeptides | compounds consisting of amino acids connected by a peptide bond
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| Tripepties | compounds containing three amino acids linked by peptite bonds
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| enterocytes | primary cells of the small intestinal mucosa responsible for final digestion and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes and water
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| Villi | finger like protection on the surface of the small intestine that increase the surface of the small intestine the surface area available for absorption of fluids and nutrients
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| Calayze | To modify, especially to increase, the rate of a chemical reaction
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| Antibodies | proteins produced by transformed B lymphocytes(Plasma Cells) in response to the presence of an antigen
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| Pathogens | disease- causing agent such as bacteria, viruses or fungi.
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| Satiety | Condition of feeling fuel to the point of satisfaction and unable to ingest more foods
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| Metabolize | to be transformed by metabolism
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| Urea | one of the final products of protein metabolism
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| Catabolism | any destructive process by which cells convert complex substances into simple compounds resulting in realease of energy
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| Myelin Shealth | Schwann cells wrapped around an axon of nerve cell that serves as insulation; increases speed of nerve impulse movement
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| prostaglandins | hormone-like substances, derived from fatty acids via the cyclooxygenase pathways, that mediate many different physiologic functions, including inflammation, metabolism and smooth muscle activity
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| Leukotrienes | substances formed from arachidonic acids that participate in inflammation.
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| Bile Acids | Molecules secreted by the liver into small intestines where they combine into facts and fatty acids to make the fats more water soluble and active digesting enzymes
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| Soluble Fiber | fiber deprived from food that forms a viscous solution in water because of it substantial water- holding captivity; easily degraded of the large intestine
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| enterocytes | primary cells of the small intestinal mucosa responsible for final digestion and absorption of nutrients and electrolytes and water
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| encephalopathy | any degenerative disease of the brain
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| lipids | compounds, including fats, oils, waxes, sterols and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water; important structural components of cell membranes
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| fatty acids | Organic compounds consisting of a carbon and hydrogen chain with a carboxyl group (–COOH) on one end and a methyl group (–CH3) on the other end; naturally occurring component of all fats
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| triglycerides | compounds consisting of three bonds to glycerol; the usual storage from lipids from animals
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| cholesterol | complex organic molecule (steroid alcohol) found in animal fats and oils, bile, blood, brain tissue, milk, egg yolk, myelin sheaths of nerve fibers, liver, kidneys and adrenal glands; necessary component of all cell membranes; can be synthesized in the bo
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| fat-soluble vitamins | vitamins that are soluble in and absorbed from the intestine in fat; includes vitamins A, D, E and K
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| prostaglandins | hormone-like substances, derived from fatty acids via the cyclooxygenase pathways, that mediate many different physiologic functions, including inflammation, metabolism and smooth muscle activity
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| leukotrienes | substances formed from arachidonic acid that participate in inflammation
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| bile acids | molecules secreted by the liver into the small intestine where they combine with fats and fatty acids to make the fats more water-soluble and activate fat-digesting enzymes (lipases)
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| phospholipids | triglycerides in which phosphorus replaces one fatty acid; major lipids in cell membranes
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| palatability | acceptable to the taste; describes willingness of animals to eat the food in preference to others, based on factors including taste, smell, appearance and texture
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| essential fatty acids | fatty acids that cannot be made by the body and must be supplied by the diet
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| leukotrienes | substances formed from arachidonic acid that participate in inflammation
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| adipose | fat
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| epidermal | referring to the outermost layer of skin
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| pyoderma | any pus-producing skin condition
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| inorganic | referring to compounds that do not contain hydrogen and carbon
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| enzymes | any protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body by acting as a catalyst
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| Diet | daily supply of food and water to meet an animal's nutrient and energy requirements
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| incombustible | incapable of being burned
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| coenzymes | organic molecules, often derived from vitamins (e.g., riboflavin [B2], niacin [B3], pantothenic acid [B5], pyridoxine [B6]) that are required by an enzyme to carry out a metabolic reaction
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| homeostasis | state of chemical equilibrium maintained in the body by feedback and regulatory processes in response to internal and external changes; helps maintain normal body structure, function and health
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | genetic material of a living organism found within cell nucleus
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| transduction | conversion of a stimulus, whether mechanical, chemical or thermal, into an electrical impulse
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| free radical | naturally occurring molecule in the body as a result of metabolic processes; contains an odd number of electrons that is highly reactive with other molecules and may cause cellular damage
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| metabolism | all of the complex, interrelated chemical and physical processes that make life possible; includes anabolism, the process by which organic substances are built and maintained, and catabolism, the process by which large molecules are broken into smaller mo
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| polyuria | excretion of a large volume of pale, dilute urine in a period of time
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