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| criteria for immunogenicity of antigens | foreigness to the host cell, adequate size, chemical complexity, present in sufficient quantity.
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| Immediate hypersensitivity reaction. | It is a reaction that occur within minutes to a few hours after exposure to antigens.
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| Delayed hypersensitive reaction | It is a type of reaction which takes place several hours and at maximum severity days after reexposure to the antigen.
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| Types of hypersensitivity reaction. | It includes allergy, Autoimmunity, Alloimmunity
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| Hypersensitivity | It is altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the individual.
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| septicemia/bacteremia | it is the presence of bacteria in the blood caused by the failure of the body's defense mechanism.
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| atopic | individuals who are genetically predisposed to develop allergies.
one parent 40%
2 parents 80%
they produce higher quantities of IgE and have more Fc receptors fro IgE on mast cells.
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| Bronchiospasm | it is a constriction of smooth muscles in airway walls.
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| pathogenic defense | Developing antiphagocytic coats,
producing toxins that kill neutrophils,
multiplying at rate that surpasses the defense and immune response,
hiding in cells and away from inflammatory and immune response,
undergoing antigenic variations.
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| Edotoxic shock | it is a complication of sepsis and can be fatal to the individual.
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| endotoxic | they are in cell walls of gram negative bacteria and release during lysis or destruction of bacteria.
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| Exotoxins | they are proteins released during bacterial growth.
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| Effects of exotoxins | inhibits the synthesis of protein.
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| Allergens | antigens that induce an allergic response
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| haptens | Antigens too small to be immunogens but can combine with larger ones to become one.
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| Antigenic determinant | it is the precise area of the antigens that is recognize by the antibodies (T cell). part of the antigen that can initiate an immune response through lymphocyte binding
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| Antigen binding site | It is the part on the antibody T receptor that matches the epitope.
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| cytotoxic T lymphocyte | they are responsible for the cell mediated destruction of tumor cells or cells infected with viruses, They can reognize antigens on surfaces of any type of cell that has been infected by a virus or has cancerous cells., it requires CD8 receptors
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| Monoclonal antibodies | It is produced in the lab from one B cell The antibodies are of the same class specificity and function.
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| Secretory immune system | it is an independent immune system that protect the external surface of the body.
example: tears, sweat, saliva, mucus, breast milk.
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| IgA | It has two subclasses-IgA1, IgA2,
IgA1 found predominantly in the blood
IgA2 predominantly found in the body secretion.
it is the dominant secretory immunoglobulin to prevent the attachment and invasion of pathogens through mucosal membranes
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| IgG | it is the major class of antibody found in blood of fetus and newborns.,
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| subclasses of IgG | IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4
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| Classes of immunoglobulins | IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD,
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| Antibody | it is a serum glycoprotein produces by mature B cells(plasma cells)in response to a challenge by an antigen.
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| Immunoglobulins | it is used for all molecules that are known to have specificity for antigens
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| Antibody | It is used to denote one set of Ig.
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| fx of antibodies | 1. Neutralizes infectious agents or their toxic products.
2. they clump insoluble particles in suspension through a process called agglutination.
3. they make a soluble antigen into insoluble precipitate.
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| B Cell receptors BCR | it has low concentration in circulation .
it fx as a mediator of many common allergic response.
it also defend against large parasite infections
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| BCR | it is designed to initiate inflammatory reaction that attracts eosinophils to the site of parasite infection.
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| what is the purpose of vaccination | The purpose is to induce a long lasting protective immnue response under conditions that will not result in disease in a healthy individual.
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| clinical manifestations of infection | fatigue,
malaise,
weakness,
loss of concentration,
fever.
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| kill vaccine | it is a previously virulent microorganism that has been destroyed by chemicals or heat to create a vaccine. eg influenza, polio, Hep A pneumonic plaque.
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| Attenuated vaccine | they are vaccines made from a weakened virus that are alive and maintains their antigenic properties. they cause mild form of the disease in the recipient.
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| antigenic determinant | it is the precise area of the antigen that is recognized by the antibody (T cells)
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| antigen binding site | ti is the part of the antibody that matches the epitope
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| Type II hypersensitivity reactions | it involve the formation of antibodies that attack the body’s own tissues.
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| Type IV hypersensitivity reaction | Type IV reactions are the only hypersensitivity responses mediated by T cells.
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| An antigen | a molecule that can be recognized by the immune system.
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| major histocompatibility complex | it is a set of recognition molecules used to identify whether donor and recipient tissues possess antigens that makes them compactible
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| Immunogenicity | Immunogenicity refers to the ability of an antigen to elicit an immune response. It refers to the ability of an antigen to elicit an immune response.
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| Immunogen | It is an agent or substance that can provoke an immune response or produce immunity.
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| Immune deficiency | It is the failure of the immune of inflammatory response to fx normally resulting in increased susceptibility to infections.
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| Tolerance | It is a state of immunologic control so that teh individual does not make a detrimental immune response against his own cells and tissues.
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| Sources of pathogen growth | Water/moisture, Temperature, pH - Alkaline, Light, Food, Oxygen.
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| cellular effects of virus | Inhibition of host cell DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis Disruption of lysosomal membranes Promotion of apoptosis Fusion of infected, adjacent host cells
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| cellular effects of virus | Alteration of antigenic properties Transformation of host cells into cancerous cells Promotion of secondary bacterial infections
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