Water & Minerals ATI Pg. 9
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| Water binds with what in the body? | minerals
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| Water is how much weight in an adult? | 60%
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| What Carries nutrient and waste products throughout the body? | water
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| What maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen? | Water
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| Water participates in? | metabolic reactions
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| Water serves as the solvent for? | minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules
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| Water helps maintain? | blood volume
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| How does water effect temp? | regulates temperature
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| What acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eye, spinal cord, and amniotic sac? | Water
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| The body actively regulates? | water balance
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| What are water imbalances? | Dehydration and water intoxication
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| Thrist is finely adjusted to ensure that water intakes? | meets body's needs
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| What happens when the body looses water but not salt? | The mouth is dry and the hypothalamus initiates drinking
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| What are symptoms of Water intoxication? | headache, confusion, convulsions, and even death in extreme cases
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| What does drinking excess water do? | dilutes sodium concentration and contributes to hyponatremia
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| Water excretion is regulated by? | brain and kidneys
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| What happens when the blood salt is too low or becomes diluted? | Pituitary gland causes the release of antidiuretic hormore
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| If too much water is lost from the body what fall? | blood volume and blood pressure
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| What BP and BV falls what secretes an enzyme? | kidneys
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| What enzyme is secreted by the kidney? | aldosterone (causes kidneys to retain water)
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| The body must excrete how much urine a day? | 500 ml
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| Whatis the water excretes from all parts of the body?how much? | 21/2 liters
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| What do water needs depend on? | foods a person eats, the environmental temp and humidity,activity
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| A person who expends 2000kcalories a day needs how much water? | 2-3 liters
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| Caffine is a mild? | diurectic (makes you pee)
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| What happens when mineral salts dissove in water? | they seperate into charged particles called ions
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| A salt that dissociated in water is an? | electrolyte
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| Body fluids that contain water and dissociated salts are called? | electrolyte solutions
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| What moves salts around? | cells
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| The movement of salts determine where fluids go in the body because? | water follows salt
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| What is the cell membrane moves ions into and out of the cells? | proteins
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| What is outside the cell? | sodium and chloride
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| What is inside the cell? | potassium
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| The body's electrolytes remain? | constant
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| The urinay electrolytes? | fluctuate
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| What causes F&E imbalances? | Vomiting and diarrhea, sweating, fever, burns, wounds
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| What do the ions do? | help maintain water balance but also regulate the acidity of its fluids
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| Electrolyte mixes in the body fluids protect the body against changes in acidity by using? | buffers
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| what is the body's first line of defence against changes in the fluid acid base balance? | buffer system
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| What are the 2 types of minerals? | major and trace
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| What are the cheif minerals of bone? | calcium and phosphorus
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| Why are major minerals major? | because they are present and needed in larger amounts in the body
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| what are critical to nerve transmission and muscle contraction? | sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium
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| What two minerals are involved in energy metabolism? | phosphorus and magnesium
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| What do calcium, phosphorus and magnesium contribute to? | bone structure
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| What does sulfer do? | determines the shape of proteins
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| What are major minerals? | Ca, Cl, Mg, phosphorus, k, Na, and sulfer
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| What are trace minerals? | Arsenic, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, slenium, silicon, vanadium, zinc
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| What is the principal electrolyte in extracellular fluid? | Na
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| To much sodium = | High blood pressure
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| How much Na per day? | 2300 mg 1 tsp
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| How much Na do people usually consume? | 3400 mg
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| High salt correlate with high rates of? | hypertension, heart disease, and cerebral hemmorhage
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| Na increases? | blood pressure
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| What diet lowers BP? | DASH
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| DASH emphasizes? | fruits, vegies, whole grain, nuts, poultry reduced red meat, butter
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| What is chloride? | major negative ion in extracellular fluids
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| Chloride is critical to maintaining? | fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balances in the body
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| Chloride is part of? | hydrochloric acid
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| What does hydrochloric acid maintain? | acidity of gastric fluids
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| What is a major source of chloride? | salt
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| What is the principal positively charged ion inside the body cells? | Potassium
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| What is the major role of potassium? | maintaing F&E balance and cell integrity
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| Potassium is also critical in? | keeping the heartbeat steady
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| What is potassium deficiency is characterized by? | increase in blood pressure, salt sensitivity, kidney stones, and bone turnover, irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness and glucose intolerance
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| Potassium deficiency results from what meds? | diurectics, steroids, and cathartics
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| How does toxicity of potassium occur? | increase potassium salts, supplements, or medications
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| What are rich sources of potassium? | anything FRESH
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| What is the most abundant mineral in the body? | Ca
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| What does Ca do in the bones? | part of bone structure, serves as a calcium bank available to the body fluids if they drop
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| Bones constanstly gain and lose minerals this is called? | remodeling
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| How long are bones activly growing and modifying? | age 20
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| When does peak bone mass development occur? | 12-30
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| From age 30-40 bone loss? | exceeds bone formation
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| What regulates the transport of ions accross cell membranes and is particularly important in nerve transmission? | Ca
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| Ca helps maintain normal? | blood pressure, and blood clotting
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| What is essential to muscle contraction? | Ca
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| What allows secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes, and neurotransmitters? | Ca
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| When Ca is high what does the body do? | system of hormones and Vit. D cause it to go into bone
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| When Ca falls what where does the body act? | Small intestine absorbs more, Bones release more, the kidneys excrete Ca
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| Even when there is a calcium dificiency the blood calcium? | remains normal
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| Blood calcium changes only in response? | abnormal regulatory control
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| Blood calcium above normal causes? | calcium rigor (muslce flex and cannot relax)
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| Blood calcium below normal causes? | calcium tetany (uncontrolled muscle)
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| What are Ca conditions caused by? | lack of Vit. D or by abnormal concentrations of the hormones
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| What are bone mass peaks? | age 30
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| After menopause women lose how much bone mass? | 15%
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| What 2 kinds of factors contribute to osteoperosis? | genetic and environmental
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| Active bones are ______ then sedentary bones? | denser
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| Ca may protect against? | hypertension
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| DASH diets are rich in? | Ca, K, and Mg
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| What are calcium recommendation during adolescents? | 1300 mg
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| Through age 19-50 recommendations are? | 1000 mg
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| Recommendations over 50 are? | 1200 mg
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| Ca is most abundant in? | Milk
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| Cup of milk = | 300 mg Ca
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| What vegies are good in calcium? | mustard greens, kale, parsley, water cress
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| What foods contain binders that prevent Ca absorption? | green leafy
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| How doe sthe body regulate its absorption of Ca? | by altering preoduction of calcium binding protein
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| What is the second most abundant mineral? | Phosphorus
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| What does phosphorus do? | bind with calcium in bones and teeth
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| Phosphorus is part of? | DNA and RNA
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| Phospholipids help transport? | other lipids in the blood
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| Phosphorus also plays many key roles in? | transfor of energy
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| What is the best source of phosphorus? | animal protein
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| What barely qualifies as a major mineral? | Magnesium
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| How much Mg is in the bone? | 1/2
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| Mg is critical to the operation of? | hundreds of enzymes
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| Mg helps muscles? | relax
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| Mg deficiency can result from? | vomiting, diarrhea, alcohol abuse, or protein malnutirtion
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| Mg Deficiency is though to cause? | hallucinations
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| How does toxicity of Mg occur? | supplement or Mg salts
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| What does hard water have in it? | Mg. and Ca.
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| What are Mg rich foods? | leafy vegies, nut, legumes, whole grain, cereals, seafood, chocolate, and cocoa
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| Sulfar exists in? | food ans water
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| They body requires sulfate for? | synthesis of many important sulfer contain compounds
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| What helps to shape strands of protein? | sulfer containing amino acids
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| How many trace minerals are there? | 9
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| Every cells plant and animal contains? | iron
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| Most of the iron in the body is on? | hemoglobin and myoglobin (help transport oxygen)
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| Iron is important for? | cells to generate energy and iron makes new cells, amnio acids, hormones and neurotransmitters
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| Who saves iron? | liver
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| What can cause big iron loss? | bleeding
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| What captures iron and holds it in reserve? | a special protein
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| What transters iron to tissues? | transferrin
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| What is the most common nutrient deficiency? | iron deficiency
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| Iron deficiency is most common in? | obesity
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| Why are women more prone to iron deficiency? | mentsral
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| Iron deficiency happens in? | stages
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| What is the first stage of iron deficiency? | iron stores diminish, ferritin and iron storing protein
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| What is used to assess iron status? | measure of serum ferritin
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| What is the second stage of iron deficiency? | decrease in trasport of iron, levels of serum iron falls, and the levels of iron carrying protein transferrin increases
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| more tranferrin = | less iron
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| What is transferrin saturation? | the % of transferrin that is saturated in iron
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| What is the third stage of iron deficiency? | lack of iron limits hemoglobin production
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| Erythrocyte protoporphyric does what in the third stage? | begins to accumulate as hemoglobin and hematocrit values decline
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| What are tets most commonly used in evaluating iron status? | Homoglobin and hematocrit
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| Iron dificiency and iron deficiency anemia are not? | the same thing
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| What is iron deficiency? | depleted body iron stores without regard to the degree of depletion or to the presence of anemia
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| What is iron deficiency anemia? | severe depletion of iron stores that results in a low hemoglobin concentration
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| What do blood cells look like in anema? | RBC are pale and small (can't carry enough oxygen)
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| What kind of skin does a person with anemia have? | pale skin
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| What are the early signs of anemia? | energy metabolism is impaired and neurotransmitter synthesis is altered
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| What happen to children with deprived iron? | irritable, restless, and unable to pay attention
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| What is pica? | the craving for and consumption of ice, chalk, starch and other nonfood substances
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| With Iron symptoms make sure no to? | take supplements unless you know
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| How does the body protect itself against iron overload? | setting up a block in the intestinal cells
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| With is hemochromatosis? | iron overload
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| What causes hemochromatosis? | genetic failure to provent unneeded iron in the diet from being absorped
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| What are S&S of iron overload? | apathy, lethargy, and fatigue
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| Iron overdose is characterized by? | tissue damage
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| Iron overload is more common in ? | men
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| Rapid ingestion of iron can cause? | death
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| how much iron should you get a day? | 6-7mg
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| What are the two forms of iron in food? | heme iron, nonheme iron
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| Heme iron is most? | absorbable
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| Heme iron is bound to? | hemeglobin and myglobin in meat, poultry, and fish
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| Where is nonheme found? | meats and plant foods
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| Most iron that ppl consume is? | non heme iron
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| What enhances iron absorption? | MFP factor and Vit. C
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| What contains MFP factor? | meat, fish, poultry
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| What at meal doubles or triples non heme iron absorption? | Vit c
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| What impair absorption of iron? | tannins of tea and coffee, calcium in milk and the phytates that are in fiber
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| Where do zinc requiring enzymes perform? | eyes, liver, kidneys, muscles, skin, bones
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| Zinc works with the enzyme that makes? | genetic materia, manufacture heme, digest food, metabolize carb, protein and fat
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| Extra zinc is held where? | intestinal cells
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| What is zinc's main trasport vehicle? | albumin
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| Zinc deficiency is marked by? | dwarfism or severe growth retardation, arrested sexual matruation
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| What does zinc dificiecy affect? | immune function, loss of appetite and while preg it may lead to growth and development disorders
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| Pregnant teens need what for growth? | zinc
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| What enhances zinc absorption? | protein
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| What does a large intake of zinc cause? | copper dificiency anemia
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| large intake of zinc can cause? | diarrhea, headaches, exhaustion
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| How much zinc should you have? | 40 mg
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| Where is zinc high? | shellfish, meat and poultry
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| Does breast milk have alot of zinc? | yes
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| What is an essential trace minderal that functions as an antioxidant nurtient | Selenium
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| What are selenium containing enzymes for? | the proper functioning of the iodine containing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism
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| Selenium may prevent? | cancer
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| Selenium deficiency is associated with? | heart disease in children
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| What is the selenium dificiency heart disease called? | keshan disease
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| What does selenium toxicity causes? | vomiting, diarrhea, loss of hair and nails and lesions of the skin and nervous system
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| What is selenium in? | shellfish, meats, vegies, whole grains
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| What are indispensible to life? | iodine ion
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| Iodide is an integral part of the? | thyroid hormones (regulates body temp, metabolic rate, reproduction, growth, and the making of blood cells)
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| What happen when the iodide concentration in the blood is low? | thyroid gland enlarge until it is visible (called a goiter)
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| Iodine refers to? | nutrients in food
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| Iodide refers to? | iodine in the body
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| What is goitrogen? | antithyroid substance
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| A severe iodine dificiency druing pregnancy causes extreme mental and physical retardation known as? | cretinism
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| Excessive intakes of inodine can ? | enlarge thyroid gland
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| How much iodine should be consumed? | 150 mcg
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| What is the world's major sourse of iodine? | ocean
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| How much copper does the body contain? | 100 mg
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| What is the primary function of copper? | serve as a constituent of enzymes
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| What do copper containing enzymes do? | catalyze the formation of hemoglobin, manufacture protein, assist in wound healing, help maintain sheaths around nerve fibers
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| What is the primary function of copper? | Help cells use iron
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| How much copper should we consume? | 900 mcg
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| What are sources of copper? | legumes, grains, seafood, nut, seeds
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| How much manganese is in the body? | 20 mg
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| What does manganese do? | facilitates dozens of different metabolic processes
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| What happens if you have too much manganses? | brain disease
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| How much manganese should you consume? | 11mg
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| What foods have manganese? | nuts, whole grain, and leafy vegies
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| What does flouride form? | fluorapatite
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| what does fluorapatite do? | makes bones and teeth stronger
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| What may have floride in them? | tea and fish
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| Too much fluoride causes? | fluorosis
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| What is chromium? | an essential mineral that participates in carb and lipid metabolism
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| What does chromium do? | enhances activity of insulin
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| When chromium is lacking what happenS? | diabetes like condition
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| What are the best sources of chromium? | liver, yeast, grains, nuts and cheese
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| What does molybdenum do? | functions as a working part of several metal containing enzymes, some of which are gieat proteins
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| Nickel is important for? | body tissues
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| Silicon is important for? | the formation of bones and ollagen
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| Boron influences? | the activity of many enzymes and play a key role in bone health, immune response
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| What is important in small amount even though its deadly? | arsenic
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| Minerals are divided into? | major and trace
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