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Nutrition Ch. 9
Water & Minerals ATI Pg. 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Water binds with what in the body? | minerals |
| Water is how much weight in an adult? | 60% |
| What Carries nutrient and waste products throughout the body? | water |
| What maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen? | Water |
| Water participates in? | metabolic reactions |
| Water serves as the solvent for? | minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules |
| Water helps maintain? | blood volume |
| How does water effect temp? | regulates temperature |
| What acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eye, spinal cord, and amniotic sac? | Water |
| The body actively regulates? | water balance |
| What are water imbalances? | Dehydration and water intoxication |
| Thrist is finely adjusted to ensure that water intakes? | meets body's needs |
| What happens when the body looses water but not salt? | The mouth is dry and the hypothalamus initiates drinking |
| What are symptoms of Water intoxication? | headache, confusion, convulsions, and even death in extreme cases |
| What does drinking excess water do? | dilutes sodium concentration and contributes to hyponatremia |
| Water excretion is regulated by? | brain and kidneys |
| What happens when the blood salt is too low or becomes diluted? | Pituitary gland causes the release of antidiuretic hormore |
| If too much water is lost from the body what fall? | blood volume and blood pressure |
| What BP and BV falls what secretes an enzyme? | kidneys |
| What enzyme is secreted by the kidney? | aldosterone (causes kidneys to retain water) |
| The body must excrete how much urine a day? | 500 ml |
| Whatis the water excretes from all parts of the body?how much? | 21/2 liters |
| What do water needs depend on? | foods a person eats, the environmental temp and humidity,activity |
| A person who expends 2000kcalories a day needs how much water? | 2-3 liters |
| Caffine is a mild? | diurectic (makes you pee) |
| What happens when mineral salts dissove in water? | they seperate into charged particles called ions |
| A salt that dissociated in water is an? | electrolyte |
| Body fluids that contain water and dissociated salts are called? | electrolyte solutions |
| What moves salts around? | cells |
| The movement of salts determine where fluids go in the body because? | water follows salt |
| What is the cell membrane moves ions into and out of the cells? | proteins |
| What is outside the cell? | sodium and chloride |
| What is inside the cell? | potassium |
| The body's electrolytes remain? | constant |
| The urinay electrolytes? | fluctuate |
| What causes F&E imbalances? | Vomiting and diarrhea, sweating, fever, burns, wounds |
| What do the ions do? | help maintain water balance but also regulate the acidity of its fluids |
| Electrolyte mixes in the body fluids protect the body against changes in acidity by using? | buffers |
| what is the body's first line of defence against changes in the fluid acid base balance? | buffer system |
| What are the 2 types of minerals? | major and trace |
| What are the cheif minerals of bone? | calcium and phosphorus |
| Why are major minerals major? | because they are present and needed in larger amounts in the body |
| what are critical to nerve transmission and muscle contraction? | sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium |
| What two minerals are involved in energy metabolism? | phosphorus and magnesium |
| What do calcium, phosphorus and magnesium contribute to? | bone structure |
| What does sulfer do? | determines the shape of proteins |
| What are major minerals? | Ca, Cl, Mg, phosphorus, k, Na, and sulfer |
| What are trace minerals? | Arsenic, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, slenium, silicon, vanadium, zinc |
| What is the principal electrolyte in extracellular fluid? | Na |
| To much sodium = | High blood pressure |
| How much Na per day? | 2300 mg 1 tsp |
| How much Na do people usually consume? | 3400 mg |
| High salt correlate with high rates of? | hypertension, heart disease, and cerebral hemmorhage |
| Na increases? | blood pressure |
| What diet lowers BP? | DASH |
| DASH emphasizes? | fruits, vegies, whole grain, nuts, poultry reduced red meat, butter |
| What is chloride? | major negative ion in extracellular fluids |
| Chloride is critical to maintaining? | fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balances in the body |
| Chloride is part of? | hydrochloric acid |
| What does hydrochloric acid maintain? | acidity of gastric fluids |
| What is a major source of chloride? | salt |
| What is the principal positively charged ion inside the body cells? | Potassium |
| What is the major role of potassium? | maintaing F&E balance and cell integrity |
| Potassium is also critical in? | keeping the heartbeat steady |
| What is potassium deficiency is characterized by? | increase in blood pressure, salt sensitivity, kidney stones, and bone turnover, irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness and glucose intolerance |
| Potassium deficiency results from what meds? | diurectics, steroids, and cathartics |
| How does toxicity of potassium occur? | increase potassium salts, supplements, or medications |
| What are rich sources of potassium? | anything FRESH |
| What is the most abundant mineral in the body? | Ca |
| What does Ca do in the bones? | part of bone structure, serves as a calcium bank available to the body fluids if they drop |
| Bones constanstly gain and lose minerals this is called? | remodeling |
| How long are bones activly growing and modifying? | age 20 |
| When does peak bone mass development occur? | 12-30 |
| From age 30-40 bone loss? | exceeds bone formation |
| What regulates the transport of ions accross cell membranes and is particularly important in nerve transmission? | Ca |
| Ca helps maintain normal? | blood pressure, and blood clotting |
| What is essential to muscle contraction? | Ca |
| What allows secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes, and neurotransmitters? | Ca |
| When Ca is high what does the body do? | system of hormones and Vit. D cause it to go into bone |
| When Ca falls what where does the body act? | Small intestine absorbs more, Bones release more, the kidneys excrete Ca |
| Even when there is a calcium dificiency the blood calcium? | remains normal |
| Blood calcium changes only in response? | abnormal regulatory control |
| Blood calcium above normal causes? | calcium rigor (muslce flex and cannot relax) |
| Blood calcium below normal causes? | calcium tetany (uncontrolled muscle) |
| What are Ca conditions caused by? | lack of Vit. D or by abnormal concentrations of the hormones |
| What are bone mass peaks? | age 30 |
| After menopause women lose how much bone mass? | 15% |
| What 2 kinds of factors contribute to osteoperosis? | genetic and environmental |
| Active bones are ______ then sedentary bones? | denser |
| Ca may protect against? | hypertension |
| DASH diets are rich in? | Ca, K, and Mg |
| What are calcium recommendation during adolescents? | 1300 mg |
| Through age 19-50 recommendations are? | 1000 mg |
| Recommendations over 50 are? | 1200 mg |
| Ca is most abundant in? | Milk |
| Cup of milk = | 300 mg Ca |
| What vegies are good in calcium? | mustard greens, kale, parsley, water cress |
| What foods contain binders that prevent Ca absorption? | green leafy |
| How doe sthe body regulate its absorption of Ca? | by altering preoduction of calcium binding protein |
| What is the second most abundant mineral? | Phosphorus |
| What does phosphorus do? | bind with calcium in bones and teeth |
| Phosphorus is part of? | DNA and RNA |
| Phospholipids help transport? | other lipids in the blood |
| Phosphorus also plays many key roles in? | transfor of energy |
| What is the best source of phosphorus? | animal protein |
| What barely qualifies as a major mineral? | Magnesium |
| How much Mg is in the bone? | 1/2 |
| Mg is critical to the operation of? | hundreds of enzymes |
| Mg helps muscles? | relax |
| Mg deficiency can result from? | vomiting, diarrhea, alcohol abuse, or protein malnutirtion |
| Mg Deficiency is though to cause? | hallucinations |
| How does toxicity of Mg occur? | supplement or Mg salts |
| What does hard water have in it? | Mg. and Ca. |
| What are Mg rich foods? | leafy vegies, nut, legumes, whole grain, cereals, seafood, chocolate, and cocoa |
| Sulfar exists in? | food ans water |
| They body requires sulfate for? | synthesis of many important sulfer contain compounds |
| What helps to shape strands of protein? | sulfer containing amino acids |
| How many trace minerals are there? | 9 |
| Every cells plant and animal contains? | iron |
| Most of the iron in the body is on? | hemoglobin and myoglobin (help transport oxygen) |
| Iron is important for? | cells to generate energy and iron makes new cells, amnio acids, hormones and neurotransmitters |
| Who saves iron? | liver |
| What can cause big iron loss? | bleeding |
| What captures iron and holds it in reserve? | a special protein |
| What transters iron to tissues? | transferrin |
| What is the most common nutrient deficiency? | iron deficiency |
| Iron deficiency is most common in? | obesity |
| Why are women more prone to iron deficiency? | mentsral |
| Iron deficiency happens in? | stages |
| What is the first stage of iron deficiency? | iron stores diminish, ferritin and iron storing protein |
| What is used to assess iron status? | measure of serum ferritin |
| What is the second stage of iron deficiency? | decrease in trasport of iron, levels of serum iron falls, and the levels of iron carrying protein transferrin increases |
| more tranferrin = | less iron |
| What is transferrin saturation? | the % of transferrin that is saturated in iron |
| What is the third stage of iron deficiency? | lack of iron limits hemoglobin production |
| Erythrocyte protoporphyric does what in the third stage? | begins to accumulate as hemoglobin and hematocrit values decline |
| What are tets most commonly used in evaluating iron status? | Homoglobin and hematocrit |
| Iron dificiency and iron deficiency anemia are not? | the same thing |
| What is iron deficiency? | depleted body iron stores without regard to the degree of depletion or to the presence of anemia |
| What is iron deficiency anemia? | severe depletion of iron stores that results in a low hemoglobin concentration |
| What do blood cells look like in anema? | RBC are pale and small (can't carry enough oxygen) |
| What kind of skin does a person with anemia have? | pale skin |
| What are the early signs of anemia? | energy metabolism is impaired and neurotransmitter synthesis is altered |
| What happen to children with deprived iron? | irritable, restless, and unable to pay attention |
| What is pica? | the craving for and consumption of ice, chalk, starch and other nonfood substances |
| With Iron symptoms make sure no to? | take supplements unless you know |
| How does the body protect itself against iron overload? | setting up a block in the intestinal cells |
| With is hemochromatosis? | iron overload |
| What causes hemochromatosis? | genetic failure to provent unneeded iron in the diet from being absorped |
| What are S&S of iron overload? | apathy, lethargy, and fatigue |
| Iron overdose is characterized by? | tissue damage |
| Iron overload is more common in ? | men |
| Rapid ingestion of iron can cause? | death |
| how much iron should you get a day? | 6-7mg |
| What are the two forms of iron in food? | heme iron, nonheme iron |
| Heme iron is most? | absorbable |
| Heme iron is bound to? | hemeglobin and myglobin in meat, poultry, and fish |
| Where is nonheme found? | meats and plant foods |
| Most iron that ppl consume is? | non heme iron |
| What enhances iron absorption? | MFP factor and Vit. C |
| What contains MFP factor? | meat, fish, poultry |
| What at meal doubles or triples non heme iron absorption? | Vit c |
| What impair absorption of iron? | tannins of tea and coffee, calcium in milk and the phytates that are in fiber |
| Where do zinc requiring enzymes perform? | eyes, liver, kidneys, muscles, skin, bones |
| Zinc works with the enzyme that makes? | genetic materia, manufacture heme, digest food, metabolize carb, protein and fat |
| Extra zinc is held where? | intestinal cells |
| What is zinc's main trasport vehicle? | albumin |
| Zinc deficiency is marked by? | dwarfism or severe growth retardation, arrested sexual matruation |
| What does zinc dificiecy affect? | immune function, loss of appetite and while preg it may lead to growth and development disorders |
| Pregnant teens need what for growth? | zinc |
| What enhances zinc absorption? | protein |
| What does a large intake of zinc cause? | copper dificiency anemia |
| large intake of zinc can cause? | diarrhea, headaches, exhaustion |
| How much zinc should you have? | 40 mg |
| Where is zinc high? | shellfish, meat and poultry |
| Does breast milk have alot of zinc? | yes |
| What is an essential trace minderal that functions as an antioxidant nurtient | Selenium |
| What are selenium containing enzymes for? | the proper functioning of the iodine containing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism |
| Selenium may prevent? | cancer |
| Selenium deficiency is associated with? | heart disease in children |
| What is the selenium dificiency heart disease called? | keshan disease |
| What does selenium toxicity causes? | vomiting, diarrhea, loss of hair and nails and lesions of the skin and nervous system |
| What is selenium in? | shellfish, meats, vegies, whole grains |
| What are indispensible to life? | iodine ion |
| Iodide is an integral part of the? | thyroid hormones (regulates body temp, metabolic rate, reproduction, growth, and the making of blood cells) |
| What happen when the iodide concentration in the blood is low? | thyroid gland enlarge until it is visible (called a goiter) |
| Iodine refers to? | nutrients in food |
| Iodide refers to? | iodine in the body |
| What is goitrogen? | antithyroid substance |
| A severe iodine dificiency druing pregnancy causes extreme mental and physical retardation known as? | cretinism |
| Excessive intakes of inodine can ? | enlarge thyroid gland |
| How much iodine should be consumed? | 150 mcg |
| What is the world's major sourse of iodine? | ocean |
| How much copper does the body contain? | 100 mg |
| What is the primary function of copper? | serve as a constituent of enzymes |
| What do copper containing enzymes do? | catalyze the formation of hemoglobin, manufacture protein, assist in wound healing, help maintain sheaths around nerve fibers |
| What is the primary function of copper? | Help cells use iron |
| How much copper should we consume? | 900 mcg |
| What are sources of copper? | legumes, grains, seafood, nut, seeds |
| How much manganese is in the body? | 20 mg |
| What does manganese do? | facilitates dozens of different metabolic processes |
| What happens if you have too much manganses? | brain disease |
| How much manganese should you consume? | 11mg |
| What foods have manganese? | nuts, whole grain, and leafy vegies |
| What does flouride form? | fluorapatite |
| what does fluorapatite do? | makes bones and teeth stronger |
| What may have floride in them? | tea and fish |
| Too much fluoride causes? | fluorosis |
| What is chromium? | an essential mineral that participates in carb and lipid metabolism |
| What does chromium do? | enhances activity of insulin |
| When chromium is lacking what happenS? | diabetes like condition |
| What are the best sources of chromium? | liver, yeast, grains, nuts and cheese |
| What does molybdenum do? | functions as a working part of several metal containing enzymes, some of which are gieat proteins |
| Nickel is important for? | body tissues |
| Silicon is important for? | the formation of bones and ollagen |
| Boron influences? | the activity of many enzymes and play a key role in bone health, immune response |
| What is important in small amount even though its deadly? | arsenic |
| Minerals are divided into? | major and trace |
Created by:
alicia.rennaker
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