Endocrine System
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| How is homeostasis preserved? | Through intercellular communication
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| What does the endocrine system do? | Involve or affect metabolic ACTIVITIES in virtually every cell & tissue. Regulates long term processes.
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| How does Direct communication occur? | Occurs between cells of the same type & cells must be in extensive physical contact.
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| What does direct communication do among epithelial cells? | Coordinate ciliary movement among epithelial cells.
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| Direct communication coordinates.... | Contractions of cardiac muscle cells
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| Direct communication facilitates ...? | The propagation of action potentials from one neuron to the next at electrical synapses.
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| True or False? Direct communication is highly specialized and relatively rare? | TRUE TRUE TRUE
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| Neurons do what? | Monitor or control specific cells or groups of cells.
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| What do Hormones effect? | Tissue of origin as well as distant cells
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| Substances withe ffects OUTSIDE its tissue of origin and that structure HASNT been determined is called... | FACTOR
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| What does Endocrine communication do? | Activity of hormones in coordinating cellular activities in tissues in DISTANT portions of the body.
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| How does a hormone turn an existing enzyme or membrane channel "on" or "off" | By changing its shape or structure.
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| How can Hormones effect us? | Modify the physical structure or biochemical properties of its target cells.
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| True or False? The effects of Hormones may be slow to appear? | True
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| How can hormones effect a person's appearance? | Can produce complex changes in the body's physical structures.
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| What two systems work together to maintain homeostasis? | Nervous System & Endocrine System.
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| True or False? Synaptic communications have LONG lived effects? | FALSE- they are short lived effects
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| What is Synaptic communication ideal for? | Crisis management.
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| What is the major functions of the endocrine system? | Regulates physiological processes through the binding of hormones to receptors.
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| Panacrine Communication works.... | By the use of chemical messengers to transfer info from cell to cell within a single tissue.
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| True or False Panacrine Communication involves coordination of a tissue function at the local level? | True
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| Yes or No? During Synaptic communication things return to normal soon after the crisis is over? | Yes
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| What do Synaptic communication tend to be restricted to? | Specific target cells.
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| True or False In Neurons the number of cells innervated is small? | True
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| True or False The Neurons are very specific and send relatively brief commands? | True
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| Synaptic communications is when... | Neurons release neurotransmitter at a synapse close to target cells bearing appropriate receptors.
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| Can Hormones alter metabolic activities of multiple tissues & organs simultaneously? | Yes
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| Can Hormones coordinate cell, tissue & organ activities on a sustained, long term basis? | Yes
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| Can hormones effect Physiological capabililties? | Yes
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| How do Hormones increase or decrease the rate of a particular enzyme or other protein? | By changing the rate of transcription or translation.
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| How do hormones stimulate the synthesis of an enzyme or a structural protein that is not already present in the cytoplasm? | By activating the appropriate genes in the cell nucleus.
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| The chemicals involved in Panacrine Communication are.. | "Panacrine factors" or "Local hormones"
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| In direct communication how are cellular activites coordinated? | By the exchange of ions & molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions.
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| In direct communication how does cells funcation? | Cells funcation as a physical entity
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| Examples of panacrine communication is... | Prostaglandins & various growth factors.
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| Substance with effect OUTSIDE its tissue of origin and its chemical structure is known...is called? | HORMONE
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| Definition of Target Cell? | Specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind and "read" the arriving hormonal message.
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| Prostaglandins have primary effect in WHAT? | In tissues of origin.
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| Prostaglandins have Secondary effects in WHAT? | Tissues and organs (act like a hormone)
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| Definition of Hormone | Chemical messengers that are released in one tissue & transported in the bloodstream to alter the activites of specific in other tissues.
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| How are hormones produced? | Produced by specialized cells.
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| What is the composition of the hormonal system? | All the endocrine cells & tissues of the body that produces hormones or panacrine factors with effects beyond their tissues of orgin.
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| Where does the Endocrine cell secrets into? | Extracellular fluid
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| Where Exocrine cells secrete products? | Onto epithelial surfaces by way of ducts
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| What are the 3 classes of Hormones? | steroids peptides amines
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| What is another name for Amino Acid Derivatives? | Biogenic Amines.
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| True or False? Amino Acid Derivatives are Large? | False. Amino Acids derivatives are relatively small.
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| *Amino Acids Derivatives are synthesized from what? | Tyrosine.
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| *Hormones that are synthesized from the Amino Acid Tyrosine are? | Thyroid hormones, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine.
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| *What is another name for Dopamine? | Catecholamines
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| *Melatonin is synthesized from where? | Tryptophan.
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| What are peptide hormones? | Chains of amino acids.
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| Peptide hormones are generally synthesized how? | As a Prohormones(inactive) then converted to active.
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| True or False? Peptide hormones are large and diverse. range from short polypeptide chains(ADH and Oxytocin) to small proteins (growth hormone, prolactin) | True
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| Glycoproteins | More than 200 amino acids long with CHO side chains. Include TSH, LH, FSH & others
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| Peptide hormones includes all hormones secreted by...... | Hypothalamus, Heart, Thymus, Digestive tract, Pancrease, and Anterior/Posterior Pituitary
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| Eicosanoids are derived from | Arachidonic Acid
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| *What do Eicosanoids look like? | Small molecules with a 5 C ring at one end.
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| *What are important panacrine factors? | Primary role-Coordinate cellular activites-Example: Blood Clotting. Secondary role-Act as hormones
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| *How are Leukotrines released? | They are released by activated WBC/Leukocytes.
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| *Leukotrines coordinate what? | Injury Response.
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| *Prostaglandins is produced by what? | Most of the tissue in the body.
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| *What does Prostaglandins do? | Coordinates local cell activities.
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| *Thromboxanes & Prostacyclins come from what? | Converted prostaglandins
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| Thromboxanes & Prostacyclins have stong______ Effect? | Panacrine
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| Cholesterol derives _______Hormones? | Steroid Hormones
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| Individual hormones differ by _____ ______ attached to the _____ ______ Structure. | Side Groups. Basic Ring Structure
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| Lipids are structurally similar to______ | Cholesterol.
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| Androgens (male) are released by_______ | Testes.
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| _____ and ______ are released by the ovaries. | Estrogens Progestins
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| Corticosteroids are secreted by the ______ ________ | Adrenal Cortex.
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| Calcitrol is secreted by the _________. | Kidneys
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| *In blood steriod hormones the hormones that are bound to specific transport hormones stay in circulation Shorter than peptide hormones? | FALSE- sat in circulation LONGER than peptide hormones.
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| *In blood steroid hormones the specific transport hormones eventually get absorbed by the ______ & are gradually converted to a ____ soluble form for excretion by the _____. | absorbed by the LIVER converted into a WATER soluble form Excreted by the KIDNEYS
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| Hormone release typical occurs where _________ are numerous. | Capillaries
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| Hormones may circulate freely in ______ or be bound to special carrier proteins | Blood
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| Secretion & distribution of hormones are functional usually for ____ than ___ hour or as ____ as ____ minutes | LESS that ONE hour or as LITTLE as TWO minutes.
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| When does inactivation occur? | When hormones diffuses out of the bloodstream & bind to receptors on target cells.
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| Hormones are absorbed by the _____ or the ______. | Liver, Kidneys
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| Hormones are broken down by _____ in the _______ or ______ fluids. | Enzymes in Plasma or Interstitial Fluids
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| Hormone receptors determine the cell's ______ to certain hormones. | Sensitivity
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| Hormone Action interacts with appropriate _____ | Receptors.
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| Receptors for ____, _____, & ______ are in plasma Membrane. | Catecholamines peptide hormones eicosanoids
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| True or false? Catecholamines and peptide hormes are NOT lipid soluble, so they bind to outer surface. | True
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| Eicosanoids are lipid soluble and bind to ______ surfaces. | Inner
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| True or false? First messengers are intracellular intermediary that exerts effects that lead to the apperance of the 2nd messenger? | True
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| Senond Messengers may act as an Enzyme ____,____, or ____. | Activator, inhibitor, cofactor.
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| Second messengers net result is a change in ______ reactions. | Metabolic
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| *Some 2nd Messengers are: | Cyclic-AMP (cAMP) Cyclic-GMP (cGMP) Calcium Ions
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| Amplification is the process of _______ an effect of a _____ on a target cell | process of MAGNIFYING an effect of a HORMONE
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| What is linked between the 1st and Second Messenger? | G Protein
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| A G Protein is an ____ complex that is ____ to a membrane _____ | Enzyme complex, that is Coupled to a membrane RECEPTOR
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| The G Protein is activated when a hormone____ to its ____ membrane surface. | when a hormone BINDS to its RECEPTOR membrane surface.
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| Activated G proteins can trigger the opening of _____ ______ Channels in the membrane. | Calcium Ion Chanels
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| Activated G proteins can trigger the release of calcium ions from ______ stores. | Intracellular stores.
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| Steroid hormones ___ across the lipid part of the membrane. | diffuse
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| Steroid hormones____ to receptors in the ____ or ____ | BIND to receptor in the CYTOPLASM, or NUCLEUS
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| Steroid hormones _____ or ________ specific genes. | Activate or deactivate
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| True or False? Endocrine reflexes are functional counter parts of neural reflexes. | True
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| Triggers for endocrine reflexes are: | Humoral stimuli Hormonal stimuli Neural stimuli
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| Triggers for endocrine reflexes are controlled by _______feedback | negative
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| Humoral stimuli is changes in composition of ____ fluids. Hormonal stimuli is the arrival or removal of a _____ _____. Neural stimuli is the arrival of ______ at ______ junctions. | Extracellular fluids. Specific Hormones Neurotransmitters at Neuroglandular junctions
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| Examples of simple endocrine reflexes: secretion of hormones by the _____, _____, ______ _____, & ____ _____. | Heart, Pancreas, Parathyroid glands, and Digestive tract.
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| Difference between Simple and Complex endocrine reflexes. | Simple-involve only one hormone. Complex- involve one or more intermediary steps & 2 or more hormones.
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| The _____ provides the highest level of endocrine control? | Hypothalmus
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| Regulatory hormes are special hormones that control endocrine cells in the _____. | Pituitary.
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| Hypothalamic neurons _____ hormones. Then___ them along axons within the infundibulum and ____ them into circulation at the neurohhpophysis. | synthesize hormones, transports them, and releases
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| Regulatory hormones control ______ activities of the endocrine cells int he ____ which then controls activies of the endocrine cells in the __ ,___ ___ & ___ ___ | Secretory activities anterior pituitary Thyroid, adrenal cortex and reproductive organs.
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| Hormones in Hypothalmic and pituitary are released in bursts called | Pulses
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| *Hypophyseal portal system: facilitate absorption on the secretions into the blood stream by _____ _______ | Fenestrated capillaries- allow relatively large molecules to enter or leave the capillaries.
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| *Portal vessels are vessels linking 2 capillary networks. This complex is called a _____ system. | Portal System.
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| the anterior pituitary subdivisions: | Pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia.
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| Difference in Releasing and Inhibiting hormones | Releasing stimulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones in Anterior pituitary gland. Inhibiting prevents it.
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| Pituitary (Hypophysis) gland hangs _____ to the ____ connected by the slender funnel shaped Infundibulum. | Inferior to the hypothalamus.
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