WGU Science test terms
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| Mercury | small, rocky craters, 2nd smallest planet, dense iron core, no moon
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| Venus | hottest, iron core, almost same size and mass of earth
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| Earth | only planet that supports life, densest planet
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| Mars | closest to Earth, dry, rocky , dusty RED PLANET, iron core
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| Jupiter | mainly gas, largest planet, 5th planet from sun
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| Saturn | 2nd largest planet, made of hydrogen and helium,9.4 X diameter of Earth, rings of rock and ice
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| Uranus | 3rd largest planet, lays on side, mostly methane gas, frozen w/ molten core
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| Neptune | 4th largest planet, Gasseus, giant, frigid blue
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| Pluto | oval shaped orbit, smallest planet, 2/3 diameter of Earth's moon, may be just an astroid
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| comet | a celestial body, head of ice gas and dust, tail of dust and ionized gas
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| asteroid | made of rock and iron, orbit sun,
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| meteor | small part of broken asteroid
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| sun | largest star, source of all Earth's energy, ball of plasma
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| moon | natural satellite of Earth: gravitational forces cause tides
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| meteorites | remnants of meteors that fall to earth
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| gravity | force of attraction or pull between objects
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| inertia | tendency of a moving object to keep moving
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| Newton's 1st law | without force a body at rest stays at rest, a moving body continues moving without force to stop it.
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| Newton's 2nd law | acceleration=force/mass
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| Newton's 3rd law | force of a downward object equals force of upward object, force comes in pairs
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| conduction | ex. place a hot object with cold object and both become warm
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| convection | internal energy moves from place to place
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| radiation | tranfer of energy from one place to another as light
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| wave length | distance from one crest to the next
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| refraction | bending of light as it passes from more dense to less dense mediums
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| reflection | waves bouncing off a suface
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| diffraction | bending of waves around an object
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| sound characteristics | speed, frequency, wavelength, amplitude
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| wave phenomena | reflection, refraction, diffraction, displacement
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| interference | when waves travel through same medium at the same time
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| light | made of photons
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| fission | nucleus of high mass is split, used for commercial energy
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| fusion | merging of different elements, not used as power source yet
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| fission | heavy nucleus breaks up to form light nuclei
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| fission | reactions can be spontaneous
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| fission | chain reaction can sustain the reaction, once started
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| fusion | no chain reaction is present
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| fusion | reaction can never be spontanious
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| fusion | two light nuclei combine to form a heavy nuclei
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| matter | anything that has MASS and VOLUME
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| mass | amount of matter in an object
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| volume | amount of space an object takes up
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| weight | measure of the force of gravity between two objects
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| length | measure of distance from point A to point B
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| temperature | measure of average kinetic energy of particles
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| density | mass per unit of volume
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| energy | to do work, move matter
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| light | wavelengths are sensed as colors
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| sound | does not travel in vacuum
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| light | part of electromagnetic spectrum of waves
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| inclined plane | slanted surface, ramp to move objects across distances
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| lever | arm that pivots against a fulcrum
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| pulley | reverses direction of force with a cord wrapped around a wheel
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| oxidation | loss of an electron by a molecule, atom or ion
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| reduction | gain of an electron by a molecule, atom or ion
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| chemical bonding | atoms being held together in molecules or crystals
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| catalyst | substance that accelerates chemical reaction without being tranformed
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| reducing agent | loses electrons and is oxidized
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| oxidizing agent | gains electrons and is reduced
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| static electricity | imbalance of positive and negative charges
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| electric current | movement of electrons that flow
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| series circuit | electrons follow a single path from source to destination
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| parallel circuit | more than one path is provided for electrons to flow
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| kinetic energy | form of energy associated with motion
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| potential energy | stored energy
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| electrical energy | energy of moving electrons
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| thermal energy | energy of heat
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| radiant energy | energy of electromagnetic waves and light
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| nuclear energy | stored energy of chemical nuclei
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| cause electricity | movement of electrons escaping from atom
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| cause magnetism | spinning of electrons while still part of atom
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| velocity | speed and direction of an object
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| speed | rate or measure of motion
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| displacement | how far an object has moved
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| distance | how far an object has traveled
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| acceleration | rate at which speed or direction is changing
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| Periodic tables purpose | predict possibilities of new elements
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| Periodic tables purpose | classify elements into groups w/ similar properties
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| covalent bonding | two or more atoms share electrons to achieve chemical stability
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| ionic bonding | atom w/ tendency to lose electrons + atom w/ tendency to gain electrons=chemical stability
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| molecule | tightly bonded groups of atoms
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| compound | molecule that contains at least two different elements
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| single atom | smallest part of an element
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| protons | positive charge
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| nuetrons | no charge
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| electrons | negative charge
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| solution | mixture where one substance dissolves in another
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| protons and nuetrons | stay in nucleus
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| atoms | matter is composed of these
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| nucleus | center of an atom
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| orbitals | where electrons are found
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| gases | spread to fill container, can be compressed
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| liquids | not easily compressed,take shape of container
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| solids | keep shape, cannot be compressed
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| minerals | solid material of earth's crust w/ a definite composition
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| metamorphic rock | formed from heat and pressure inside the earth
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| igneous rock | formed from magma
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| sedimentary rock | materials cement together by chemicals or pressure
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| sea | large expanse of saline water connected to an ocean
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| weather | daily conditions in atmosphere
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| climate | atmospheric conditions of a region over time
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| results of plate tectonics | form igneous rock, volcanoes, faults, islands form, mountains form
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| strait | narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water
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| swamp | freshwater wetland
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| tributary | stream or river that flows into a larger river
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| mesa | land formation w/ flat top and steep walls
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| ocean | large body of salt water surrounding a continent
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| peninsula | body of land surrounded by water on three sides
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| river | large flowing body of water connected to a sea or ocean
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| plateau | large flat area of land that is higher than surrounding land
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| plain | flat lands w/ small changes in elevation
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| sea | large body of salt water connected to an ocean
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| sound | wide inlet of sea or ocean that is parallel to coastline
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| equator | imaginary line halfway between N and S poles
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| estuary | where a river meets a sea or ocean
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| glacier | slowly moving river of ice
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| gulf | part of ocean partly surrounded by land
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| isthmus | narrow strip of land connecting two larger land masses
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| archipelago | group of islands clustered together
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| bay | body of water partly enclosed by land, smaller than a gulf
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| butte | flat topped rock or hill w/ steep sides
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| canyon | deep valley w/ very steep sides
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| cape | pointed piece of land that sticks out into a large body of water
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| cove | horseshoe shaped body of water along a coastline
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| Continents (seven) | Africa, Antarctica,Asia,Australia, Europe, North America, South America
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| channel | body of water that connects two larger bodies of water
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| dune | hill or ridge made of sand
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| Benthic realm | organisms that live on the sea floor
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| Pelagic realm | organisms that live in the water(diatoms)
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| oxytocin | hormone that stimulates uterine contractions
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| lactation | milk production in females
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| semen | made up of sperm and secretions
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| female gonads | ovaries
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| male gonads | testes
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| testes | produce sperm and testoserone
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| ovaries | produce eggs and estrogen
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| meiosis | process that produces sperm
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| gonads | sex organs that produce gametes
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| food chain example | grass-grasshopper-mouse-snake-hawk
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| ultimate source of energy | sun
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| inorganic nutrients | are recycled, energy is not
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| ultimate fate of energy | lost as heat in ecosystem
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| Darwinian view | predicts that evolutionary transitions should leave signs in fossil record
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| Oldest known fossils are of Prokaryotes | evidence that supports Darwin
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| new breed of dog | genetic
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| person's physical activity level | environmental
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| color of a chameleon | environmental
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| speed of race horses | genetic
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| long necks of giraffes | genetic
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| altitude where you live | environmental
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| traits | physical characteristics in living things
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| Genetics | study of heredity
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| heredity | tranference of traits from parent to offspring
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| inheritence | process by which offspring become predisposed to traits of parent
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| how the body fights disease | tonsils, lymph system,thymus, spleen, appendix, bone marrow
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| bacteria | can adapt to surroundings
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| bacteria | many are beneficial
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| viruses | only reproduce inside living cell
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| viruses | are dormant w/ out a host
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| bacteria | have ribosomes
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| bacteria | can reproduce independently
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| viruses | have a protein coat and core of genetic material
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| bacteria | can be killed w/ antibiotics
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| viruses | antibiotics will not kill them
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| viruses | intracellular parasite
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| photosynthesis | process of harnessing energy of sunlight to produce food for plants
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| taxonomy | classification of things
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| basic needs of life | food, water, air , space , shelter
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| hierarchy of biological organization | organism-organ-tissue-cell-organelle-molecule
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| tissues | cells work together
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| organs | tissues work together
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| systems | organs work together
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| cells | organelles work together
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| define the question | 1. scientific method
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| gather information | 2. scientific method
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| form hypothesis | 3. scientific method
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| perform experiment/ collect data | 4. scientific method
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| analyze data | 5. scientific method
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| interpret data/ draw conclusions | 6. scientific method
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| publish results | 7. scientific method
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| purpose of scientific method | to propose explanations for natural phenomena
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| hypothesis | guess regarding outcome of the change to the system being studied
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| Aristotle | earth, air , fire ,water
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| 13th century | Aquinas and Magnus
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| Roger Bacon | urged people to "look at the world"
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| 16th century Francis Bacon | advocated experimentalism
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| Nicolaus Copernicus | said earth is round and revolves around the sun
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| 17th century | Newton, Galileo, Archbishop James Usher
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| dependent variable | what you are measuring
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| independent variable | what you are in control of
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| Linnaean classification system | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family , genus, species
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| rhyme to remember Linnaean classification of Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species | King Phillip Came Over From Germany Swimming
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| Charles Darwin | was a naturalist on the HMS Beagle
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| population | all members of one species in a given area
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| community | interaction of different species in a given area
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| ecosystem | community plus temperature, humidity, light etc.
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| biosphere | the sum of the planet's communities and ecosystems
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| Barents sea | warm, salty Atlantic water from North Atlantic drift
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| Barents sea | cold arctic water from the north
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| Barents sea | warm coastal water from Altantic and Polar waters
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| Caribbean sea | tropical,adjacent to Atlantic ocean, southeast of Gulf of Mexico
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| Grand Banks | group of under water plateaus on the North American continental shelf
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| S. China sea | marginal, part of the Pacific,from Singapore to Strait of Taiwan
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