Science midterm
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| What is the first step in soil formation? | Break down bedrock
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| What is fuel? | A substance that provides a form of energy---such as HEAT, LIGHT, ELECTRICITY OR MOTION
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| How does combustion work? | The process of burning a fuel.
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| What are the three main fossel fuels? | COAL, OIL, AND NATURAL GAS
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| What does it mean when a fuel is considered "nonrenewable"? | It cannot be used again.
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| What is the most plentiful fossil fuel in the USA? | COAL
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| Which fossil fuel is the cleanest? | Natural Gas
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| Dfine and give an example of a biomass fuel? | Animal waste
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| Define geothermal energy. | Energy from the Earth
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| Define Abrasion | The grinding away of rock by rock particles carried by water, ice, wind, or gravity.
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| Describe Ice Wedging. | Is a process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks then freezes and then expands.
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| Define chemical weathering? | The process that breaks down rock through chemical change.
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| What agent chemical weathers iron rich rocks and turns them reddish brown? | OXYGEN
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| What kind of climate has the fastest weathering? | Hot Weather Climates
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| What 2 things determine the rate of weathering? | Rock type, and climate.
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| Define soil. What is it comprised of? | Loose weathered matted material on the Earth's surface in which plants can grow' comprised of rock particals, air, water, minerals, and humus.
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| What is Bedrock? | The solid layer of rock beneath the surface.
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| What is litter? | Loose layer of dead plant leaves and stems from plants.
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| What is Coal formed from? | Ancient Plant Remains
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| What is Oil formed from? | The remains of small ORGANISMS, ALGAE, and PROTISTS that lived in oceans and shallow seas 100s of million of years ago.
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| In a neclearpower plant what is used to turn water into steam? | URANIUM bundle
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| What is energy conservation? Give examples | Refers to efforts to reduce energy consumptiom. Ex--Ride your bike, Walk, Carpool, Get good lightbulbs, turn lights off etc.
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| How do living organisms affect soil? | Mix up the soil and make spaces in it for air and water.
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| What are decomposers? | Organisms that eat dead animals.
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| Why is soil valuable? | Every living thing depends on soil to live in or for people to grow crops.
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| How long did it take the prarie soils in the US to form? | 1000s of years.
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| What 2 things that can cause the loss of soil? | WATER and WIND
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| What caused the Dust Bowl? | Plowing removed gras from the Great Plains and exposed the soil.
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| What animal mixes up the humus in the soil? | Earth worms and burrowing Mammals
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| What does the texture of the soil depend on? | Plant Growth
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| What layer of soil is topsoil found in? | A Horizon
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| Define erosion | Is the movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
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| What is Tributary? | A stream that flows into a larger stream.
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| Describe what a an alluvial fanis? | A wide sloping deposite of sediment formed where a stream leaves a moutain range.
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| What process forms Deltas? | Sediment deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake.
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| What are the 2 types of glaciers? | Valley and Continental Glaciers.
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| Name the rock most fossils are found in? | Sedimentary
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| Understand the "Law of Superposition"? | States that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it.
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| What is the age of the oldest fossils found? | 3.5 Billion years
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| What ERA were most dinosaurs in abundance? | Mesozoic ERA
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| The history of the earth is conveyed via this "Time Scale". | Geologic Time Scale
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| What metals is the Earths inner core theorized to be made of? | Iron and Nickel
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| Where on earth does a hot spot exist? | In the middle of the plate.
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| Know the landforms for both oceanic and continental crust. | Mountains, Volcanoes, Rifts
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| What type of Earth plates collide? | Convergent
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| What type of Earth plates separate? | Divergent
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| How does the interior magma of Earth become molten hot? | It is a mixture of gases, water and mixture of rocks under pressure
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| Know the predictability of earthquakes. | Unknown can't predict.
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| How is a Tsunami produced? | By an earthquake
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| What is liquefaction as a result of an earthquake? | When seimic waves change solid soil to liquid mud within seconds
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| Explain how a seismograph works? | Converts ground movements into a signal that can be recorded and printed
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| State the name Dr. Wegener gave to his supercontinent? | Pangea
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| When does magma become lava? | When it erupts out of the valcano
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| Describe the Igneous rock called Basalt? | Dark, Dense, igneous rock with a fine texture found in the oceanic crust.
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| Explain the recycling process of the oceanic crust (sea floor). | Magma erupts through the weak zones of the crust on the ridges to create new oceanic crust
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| ID the deepest places on Earth? | Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean 11,033 Meters
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| What does a true rock consist of? | Two or more minerals
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| Know the differences between valcanoes? | Shield Valcanoes---thin layers of lava pour out of vent and harden on top of previou layer. Cinder Cone Valcanoes---a steep cone shaped hill or mountain. Composite Valcanoe---lava flowsalternate with explosive eruptions of ash,cinder, or bombs.
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| How long do earthquakes last? | 30 seconds to 1 minute
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| Explain the process for predicting volcanic eruptions? | Geologist use tiltmeters, laser-ranging devices and other tools monitor the magnetic field, check temperature of water in chamber and check water level.
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| How can water be both a chemical and physical rock weathering agent? |
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| Desribe what a geologic spit is. | A beach formed by long shore drift that projects like a finger out into the water.
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| How are fossils sorted and organized? | Shape
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| State how long modern humans have occupied time in Earth's history. | Less than 1%
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| Why does the fossil record lack good representation by insect species? | They don't have hard parts
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| What does a geologic map show? | Rock type and age
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| Which Igneous rock is an intrusive? | Granite
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| What causes a valcano to occur? | Anytime magma makes it to the surface
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| How does an earthquake begin? | Earthquakes occur at the margins of tectonic plates where one plate passes another or where two plates collide causing movement of faults.
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| State the Earth's four primary geologic layers. | Crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core
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| State the primary landforms found on Earth. | Plain, Plateau, Isthmus, and Peninsula
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| What is the largest mountain range found on Earth called? | Mid Ocean Ridge
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| Know the density differences between oceanic and continental crust. | Oceanic crust is denser
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| Which crust is thinner, Oceanic or Continental? | Oceanic
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| Know how convection currents as a means of heat transfer work. | Convection
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| Explain the type of boundary at the Mid-Oceanic Ridge? | Divergent
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| What type of fault boundary is California's San Andreas? | Transform
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| Describe what a geologic "Hot Spot" is and does. | Location on Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanoes for a long time.
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| Wind energy is an indirect form of what other renewable energy? | Solar energy
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| What is the most widely used renewable energy? | Hydro electric
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| What is the size and density difference between oceanic and continental crust? | The oceanic crust is more dense than the continental crust.
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| How does Earth's mantle differ from it's crust? | The mantle is a solid layer of hot rock that behaves plasticly and the crust is a layer of rock that forms the Earth's outer skin.
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| Explain the difference between the Earth's inner and outer cores. | The inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid.
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| ID the method of heat transfer responsible for moving Earth's plates. | Covection Currents
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| Where is the new Earth crust added as it pertains to plate boundaries? | Mid-Ocean Ridge....Divergent
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| Describe and name the plate boundaries which slide past one another. | Transform
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| Know the difference between earthquake focus and epicenter. | The focus is the point beneath where the rock breaks under stress and epicenter is the point on earths surface directly above and eartquake focus.
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| What does a sea floor earthquake have the potential to produce? | Tsunami
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| List the evidence Wegener used to support his theory. | Landforms, fossils and climate
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| Why did scientist reject his Wegener's theory? | Beacuse he couldn't prove how or why continents moved
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| Name the fault boundary type of the San Andreas, CA | Transform
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| What plate boundary allows for new lithosphere to be added? | Divergent
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| Name the molten rock located inside Earth. | Outer core
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| How fast does the Earth's lithosphere plates move? | Move in constant slow motion.
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| What is the size and density difference between oceanic and continental crust? | Rhw oceanic crust is more dense than the continental crust.
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| How does the earth's mantle differ from its crust? | The mantle is a layer of hot rock that behave plasticly and the crust is a layer of rock that forms the earths outer skin.
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| Explain the difference between the earths inner and outer core? | The inner core is solid and outer core is liquid.
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| ID the method of heat transfer responsible for moving Earth's plates. | Convection currents
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| Where is the new Earth's crust added as it pertains to plate boundaries? | Divergent Mid-Ocean Ridge
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| Describe and name the plate boundaries which slide past one another. | Transform
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| Know the difference between earthquake focus and epicenter. | The focus is the point beneath where rock breaks under stress and epicenter is the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquakes focus.
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| Describe and name the plate boundaries which slide past one another. | Transform
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| Know the difference between earthquake focus and epicenter. | The focus is the point beneath where rock breaks under stress and epicenter is the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquakes focus.
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| What does a seafloor earthquake have the potential to produce? | Tsunamis
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| Name the theory Dr. Wegener gave to horizontal crust movement. | The theory of continental drift.
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| List the evidence Wegener used to support his theory. | Landforms, fossils, and climate
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| Why did scientists reject Wegener's theory? | Because he could not prove how or why.
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| Name the fault boundary type of the San Andreas, CA. | Transform
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| What plate boundary allows for new lithosphere to be added? | Divergent
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| Name the molten rock located inside the Earth. | Outercore
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| How fast does Earth's lithosphere plates move? | In constant slow motion 5 centimeters per year.
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| Explain the "Law of Superposition", and how it relates to the Grand Canyon? | States that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it.
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| What is the age of Earth's oldest known fossil. | 3.5 billion years old
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| Describe the definition of a true fossil. | Are the preserved remains or traces of living things.
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| Where are fossils primarily found (rock type)? | Sedimentary
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| What is the purpose of Earth's "Geologic Timescale"? | It shows a record of lifeforms and geologic events in Earth's history.
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| How is the abslute age of rock determined? | How the number of years since the rock was formed.
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| What is carbon dating using c-14 used for geology? | Used in dating materials from plants and animals that lived upto 50,000 years ago.
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| Explain the purpose and definition of an index fossil. | Help geologist match rock layers and Index fossil are fossils that are widely distributed organisms that lived only one short period.
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| What are examples of "preserved remains fossils"? | Animal tar pit, amber or freezing.
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| How many Earth mass extinctions have been recorded in geo time? | 5
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| Know the function and purpose of the rock cycle. | Rock cycle is a process on Earth's surface and inside planet that slowly changes rocks from 1 kind to another.
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| Describe the difference yet close relationship of the continental drift, sea floor spreading, and plate tectonic theories. |
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| Know how the force of gravity works with water towards weathering, erosion, and deposition (W.E.D). |
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| How can natural geologic forces be botth destructive and constructive? | Volcanoes form new land and also can destroy built up cities.
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| What rock group is considered to be the primary of the three? | Igneous
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| ID the rock that is an intrusive, igneous. | Granite
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| Why are limestone and coal considered not to be true rocks? | Coal is fossil fuel made from ancient plant remains, limestone is mainly made of minerals and some is pure calcite
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| What is a geological "non-conformity"? | ontact between 2 rock units in which upper rock is much younger then the lower rock.
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| What is the term for the bending of light, sound, and other wave energy? | Refraction
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| Why are physical models constructed? | To represent something
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| What seimic wave is the fastest? | P waves
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| Name the type of model that first exists as a thought. | Conceptual Model
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| Know which seismic waves that can travel through liquids. | P Waves
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| Name an example of a speckled, intrusive, Igneous rock. | Granite
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| Name an example of a course, granular, sedimentaryrock. | Sandstone
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| What is a metamophosed limestone called? | Marble
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| How are seiments carried by a river? | The rivers load
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| What kind of natural force creates Deltas? | Deposition, Constructive
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| Describe what happens to a headland. | Headland is a small area of land that extends out into a body of water which erodes over time
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| State the timescale based upon fossil evidence only. | Geologic
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| Explain the difference between a body and a cast fossil. | The cast is a copy of a shape of an organism.
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| In the Law of Superposition, where is the youngest rock located? | At the Top
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| What king of fossil is a prehistoric worm burrow called? | Trace Fossil
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| Know what an "Ecological Niche" is. | Relationship position of a species in its ecosystem to each other
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| Describe a "tool" for correlating world wide rock strata. | Fossil Markers
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| Know the definition of a species. | A group of organisms capable of involving and producing fertile offspring.
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| Where, relative to crust, do most earthquakes occur? | Techtonic plates
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| What is the name of re-melted rock? | Lava
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| How does a rock differ from a mineral? | Rock differ due to texture and small particles of minerals or other rocks that make up a rock
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| Describe what a geologic map shows. | It shows geologic features inclluding rocks and faults
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| Describe how water can cause physical weathering. | Abraision and ice wedging
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| What type of physical weathering is used to make stone jewelery? | Abraision
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| Where and how does a Delta form? | As river flows picks up sediment and carries sediment to the ocean where sediment is deposited and over time a delta forms.
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| Explain the dynamics of glacial movement. |
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| State the position of oldest to youngest layers of sedimentary rock. | Oldest-Bottom, Youngest-Top
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| Name the rock most fossils are found in. | Sedimentary
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| What natural conditions would help make and preserve a fossil? | Rapid Burial
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| ID a footprinf fossil type. | Dinosaur Footprint
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| What are the characteristice of an index fossil? | Wide spread and short lived
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| What king of rock would you expect to find a coral fossils in? | Sedimentary rock /limestone
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| What primary element is used to determine "absolute age" of rock? | Carbom 14
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