Respiratory Emergencies: Patho - Related to ventilation, diffusion, perfusion.
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| Diffusion | Process of gas exchange.
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| Ventilation | Process of air movement into and out of the lungs.
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| Perfusion | Process of circulation of the blood through the lung tissues(capillary bed).
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| [ventilation problem] Upper airway obstruction | [ventilation example]
Foreign body, epiglottis
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| [ventilation problem] Lower airway obstruction | [ventilation example]
Asthma, airway edema
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| [ventilation problem] Chest wall impairment | [ventilation example]
Trauma, muscular dystrophy
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| [ventilation problem] Neurogenic dysfunction | [ventilation example]
Central nervous system (CNS)- depressant drugs, stroke
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| [diffusion problem] Inadequate oxygen in ambient air | [diffusion example]
Fire environment, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
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| [diffusion problem] Alveolar disorder | [diffusion example]
Lung disease,inhalation injury
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| [diffusion problem] Interstitial space disorder | [diffusion example]
Pulmonary edema, near-drowning
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| [diffusion problem] Capillary bed disorder | [diffusion example]
Severe artherosclerosis
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| [perfusion problem] Inadequate blood volume or hemoglobin levels | [perfusion example]
Shock, anemia
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| [perfusion problem] Impaired circulatory blood flow | [perfusion example]
Pulmonary embolus
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| [perfusion problem] Capillary wall disorder | [perfusion example]
Trauma
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| For ventilation to occur, the following must be intact: | - Neurological control (to initiate ventilation)
- Nerves between the brain stem and the muscles of respiration
- Functional diaphragm and intercostal muscles
- Patent upper airway
- Alveoli that are functional and have not collapsed
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| For diffusion to occur, the following must be intact: | - Alveolar and capillary walls that are not thickened
- Interstitial space between the alveoli and capillary wall that is not enlarged or filled with fluid
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| For perfusion to occur, the following must be intact: | - Adequate blood volume
- Adequate hemoglobin in the blood
- Pulmonary capillaries that are not blocked
- Efficient pumping by the heart that provides a smooth flow of blood through the pulmonary capillary bed
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