Biology Fall Semester I Test
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| White fur of a rabbit in winter is an example of a(n) _____ | Adaptation
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| A testable explanation of a situation is called a(n) _____ | Hypothesis
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| Metric unit for the volume of a substance | Liter
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| Data which measures results in a numerical way | Quantitative data
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| Date which measures results in terms of descriptions | Qualitative data
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| Study of living things and the environment | Biology
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| Study ways to grow crops more efficiently | Agricultural biology
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| Research cells, DNA and living systems to discover new medical treatments | Biotechnology
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| Study living systems in order to design ways to improve life | Bioengineering
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| Characteristic of life that enables the continuation of a species | Reproduction
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| Allows for an organism to remain in balance | Homeostasis
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| Procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled conditions | Experiment
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| Group in an experiment that is the standard to which the results will be compared | Control group
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| Group in an experiment that is exposed to the factor being tested | Experimental group
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| Condition being changed by the scientist in an experiment | Independent variable
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| Information gained from observation | Data
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| Place in which an organism lives | Habitat
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| Interbreeding individuals in one place at a given time | Population
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| Group of biological communities that interact with the physical environment | Ecosystem
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| Converting nitrogen from a gas to a usable form by bacteria | Nitrogen fixation
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| Movement of chemicals on a global scale from abiotic through biotic parts of the environment | Biogeochemical cycle
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| The role an organism plays in its environment | Niche
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| Heterotroph which eats meat | Carnivore
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| Heterotroph which eats plants | Herbivore
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| Heterotroph which eats both plants/animals | Omnivore
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| Where is the largest concentration of nitrogen found? | Atmosphere
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| Scientific explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments | Theory
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| Individual organisms of a single species hat share the same geographic location at the same time | Population
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| Act of one organism consuming another | Predation
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| Allows a scientist to represent or simulate a process or system | Model
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| Biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it | Ecosystem
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| Close relationship that exists when two or more species live together | Symbiosis
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| Individual living thing | Organism
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| Living factors in an organisms environment | Biotic
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| Nonliving factors in an organisms environment | Abiotic
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| Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time | Competition
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| Portion of the earth that supports life | Biosphere
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| Study of the relationships among living organisms and the interaction they have with their environment | Ecology
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| Area of the forest that experiences very little change in the species composition | Climax community
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| Condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and at a specific time | Weather
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| Large geographic areas with similar climax communities | Biomes
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| Biome which occurs in the US and once contained huge herds of grazing herbivores | Grassland
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| Which land biome contains the greatest species diversity? | Tropical rain forest
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| Where is the largest percentage of water located? | Oceans
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| In which area of the lake is there likely to be the greatest diversity of plankton? | Limnetic zone
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| Biome with grasses and trees intermixed | Savanna
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| Where is the greatest percentage of earth's freshwater? | Glaciers
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| Approximate percentage of earth's freshwater contained in glaciers | 69%
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| Zone which has proven to be the most difficult for marine biologists to explore | Abyssal zone
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| Biome in which rate of evaporation higher than precipitation | Desert
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| Which zone would support the greatest variety of coral reef ecosystems? | Photic zone
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| Which ecosystem has the greatest biodiversity? | Estuary
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| Ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic/biotic factors | Tolerance
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| Distance of any point on the surface of earth N/S of the equator | Latitude
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| Orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil remains | Secondary succession
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| All living organisms are limited by the _____ in their environment | Factors
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| Material deposited by water, wind or glaciers | Sediment
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| Deepest are of a large lake | Profundal zone
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| Average weather conditions in a specific area | Climate
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| Change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another | Ecological succession
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| Establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock without topsoil | Primary succession
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| Difference between primary and secondary succession | Soil
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| Basic unit of living things | Cell
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| Protein fiber that forms the cells supporting network | Cytoskeleton
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| Manufactures ribosomes within the cell | Nucleolus
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| Process in which plasma membrane pumps excess sodium out of the cell into an environment where there is a lower concentration of sodium | Diffusion
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| Organelle produces protein for a cell | Ribosome
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| Organelle which is often large in plant cells but small or absent in animals cells | Vacuole
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| Acts as a distribution center for cell proteins | Golgi apparatus
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| Breaks down excess microtubules | Lysosome
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| Contains the cell's DNA | Nucleus
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| Creates energy for the cell | Mitochondria
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| Process of cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells | Mitosis
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| Produces protein for the cell | Endoplasmic reticulum
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| Framework for the cell | Cytoskeleton
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| Synthesizes ribosomes | Nucleolus
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| Stores cell materials | Vacuoles
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| Inflexible barrier that provides support and protects the plant | Cell wall
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| Form of cell reproduction which results in gametes | Meiosis
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| Cells which have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles | Eukaryotes
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| Needed to move substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane | Transport proteins
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| Component of the cell membrane that allows for fluidity and flexibility | Cholesterol
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| Key property of the plasma membrane | Selective permeability
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| Modern concept of the plasma membrane | Fluid mosaic model
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| Distinct central organelle that contains a cell's genetic material in the form of DNA | Nucleus
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| Cells without a membrane bound nucleus | Prokaryotes
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| Two layers of lipids arranged tail-to-tail | Phospholipid bilayer
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| Moves small molecules across the plasma membrane using transport proteins | Facilitated diffusion
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| Involves water moving across the plasma membrane to the side of the greater solute concentration | Osmosis
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| Occurs when substances move against the concentration gradient; requires energy to the aid of carrier proteins | Active transport
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| Occurs when the plasma membrane surrounds a large substance inside the cell and moves it outside the cell | Exocytosis
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| The condition that results when diffusion continues until the concentrations are the same in all areas | Dynamic equilibrium
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| Occurs when the plasma membrane surrounds a large substance outside the cell and moves it inside the cell | Endocytosis
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| Energy cannot be created nor ____ | Destroyed
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| Energy is the capacity to do ____ | Work
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| What do cells store and release as the main source of chemical energy? | ATP
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| _____ is broken down during the Kreb's cycle | Pyruvate
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| Internal membrane of the chloroplast that is organized into flattened membranous sacs | Thylakoids
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| Molecule which results from the final step of the Calvin cycle | RuBP
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| Adenosine triphosphate is biologically important because it provides ____ energy | Chemical
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| Light-absorbing molecules such as chlorophyll | Pigments
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| Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle occur? | Mitochondria
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| Which is formed during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis | Glucose
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| An oak tree performs photosynthesis in organelles called ____ | Chloroplast
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| Aerobic respiration occurs in organelles called ____ | Mitochondria
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| Ability to do work | Energy
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| Final step of aerobic respiration when ATP is created | Electron transport chain
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| What does the first law of thermodynamics state? | Energy is conserved
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| Al of the chemical reactions in an organism's cells | Cell metabolism
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| Autotrophs that convert light energy into chemical energy | Photoautotrophs
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| In lactic acid fermentation, ____ is converted into lactic acid | Pyruvate
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| What anaerobic process occurs after glycolysis? | Fermentation
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| What chemical bond in ATP releases energy when broken? | Phosphate
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| In the second phase of photosynthesis, glucose is made from ____ | ATP
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| Anabolic pathway in which light energy is converted to chemical energy | Photosynthesis
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| Anabolic pathways are ____ reactions | Synthesis
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| Catabolic pathways in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy | Cellular respiration
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| Catabolic pathways are ____ reactions | Decomposition reactions
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| Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy (entropy) | 2nd law of thermodynamics
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| Energy cannot be created nor destroyed | 1st law of thermodynamics
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| Most important energy storage molecule in the body | Adenosine triphosphate
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| Organelle in which sunlight is absorbed | Chloroplast
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| Organelle in which aerobic processes of cellular respiration take place | Mitochondria
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| Study of the transformation of energy in the universe | Thermodynamics
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| "Without air" | Anaerobic
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| Series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction | Metabolic pathway
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| Large cells have difficulty diffusing ____ rapidly enough to support life functions | Nutrients
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| In large cells, ____ of wastes becomes a problem | Transportation
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| Signal for the cell to divide | Cylcins
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| Concerning the surface area-to-volume ratio, what is the surface area represent in the cell? | Plasma membrane
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| Activities of a cell that include cellular growth and cell division | Cell cycle
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| Cancer cells contain multiple ____ changes | Genetic
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| As a cell's volume increases, what happens to the proportional amount of surface area? | Decreases
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| Starting with one cell that underwent six divisions, how many cells would result? | 64
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| Programmed cell death | Apoptosis
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| The cancer drug 'vinblastine' interferes with synthesis of microtubules. In mitosis, this would interfere with what? | Spindle formation
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| Unspecialized human cells | Stem cells
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| Main stage in which cell grows and carries out normal functions | Interphase
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| Stage in which cells nuclear material divides and separates | Mitosis
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| Stage in which the cell divides into two daughter cells with identical nuclei | Cytokinesis
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| Substage in which the cell prepares for nuclear division and protein that makes microtubules for cell division is synthesized | G2 phase
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| Substage of interphase immediately after a cell divides | G1 phase
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| Substage of interphase in which cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division | S phase
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| Proteins which bind to enzymes to start various activities in the cell cycle | Cyclins
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| Different ___ combinations control different activities at different stags in the cell cycle | Cyclin/CDK
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| Substances and agents are known to cause cancer | Carcinogens
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| Governmental agency which is in charge of ensuring the public that what they consume is safe | Food and drug administration
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| A mechanism involving proteins and ___ control the cell cycle | Enzymes
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| Stem cells which have not become specialized and can develop into a variety of different cells | Embryonic stem cells
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| Stem cells which are found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue in which they are found | Adult stem cells
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| (Mitotic phases) Chromosomes attach to spindle apparatus and align along cells equator | Metaphase
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| (Mitotic phases) Chromosomes begin moving to opposite poles | Anaphase
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| (Mitotic phases) Chromosomes condense | Prophase
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| (Mitotic phases) Chromosomes reach poles of cell | Telophase
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| (Mitotic phases) Microtubules shorten | Anaphase
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| (Mitotic phases) Nuclear membrane disintegrates | Prophase
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| (Mitotic phases) Nucleolus disappears | Prophase
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| (Mitotic phases) Nucleolus reappears | Telophase
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| Which concept is considered an exception to Mendel's law of independent assortment? | Gene linkage
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| What determines gender in humans? | X and Y Chromosomes
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| Both _____ and multiple alleles describe the inheritance of human blood types | Codominance
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| Sister chromatids to do separate properly | Nondisjunction
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| How many chromosomes are found in human body cells? | Forty Six
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| A gene can be described as being a(n) | DNA segment
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| A form of a gene is known as a(n) | Allele
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| Having extra chromosome sets is known as | Polyploidy
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| An organism having two of the same alleles for a trait is called | Homozygous
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| An organism having two different alleles for a given trait is called | Heterozygous
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| Trisomy 21 | Down Syndrome
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| Results in an exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes | Crossing over
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| Father of Genetics | Gregor Mendel
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| Can help to predict the offspring of a genetic cross | Punnett Square
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| Involves both crossing over and independent assortment | Genetic recombination
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| Person who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder | Carrier
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| Diagram which illustrates the inheritance pattern between two parents and offspring | Pedigree
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| A characteristic that has more than one pair of possible genotypes is said to be a(n) | Polygenic trait
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| Inheritance pattern in which the heterozygous genotype results in an intermediate phenotype between the dominant and recessive phenotype | Incomplete dominance
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| Genes found on the x chromosome are associated with... | Sex-linked traits
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| Protective ends of the chromosomes | Telomeres
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| Error that occurs during cell division which may be fatal to the organism or result in serious growth/development issues | Nondisjunction
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| Both ___ and the environment influence an organism's phenotype | Genes
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| Absence of gene that codes for enzyme to break down dairy compounds | Galactosemia
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| Affects red blood cells ability to transport oxygen | Sickle Cell Disease
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| Build up of fatty deposits in the brain | Tay-Sachs Disease
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| Decline of mental and neurological function | Huntington's Disease
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| Excessive mucus production; digest and respiratory failure | Cystic Fibrosis
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| Inability of blood to clot properly or at all | Hemophilia
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| Lack of pigment | Albinism
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| Short arms and legs; large head | Achondroplasia
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| Distinctive facial features, short stature and mental disabilities | Down Syndrome
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| Human male with extra X chromosome | Klinefelter's Syndrome
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| Person who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder | Carrier
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| Protective ends of the chromosome | Telomere
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| Micrograph of stained chromosomes | Karyotype
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| Both ___ and the environment influence an organism's phenotype | Genes
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