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Biology Semester I
Biology Fall Semester I Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| White fur of a rabbit in winter is an example of a(n) _____ | Adaptation |
| A testable explanation of a situation is called a(n) _____ | Hypothesis |
| Metric unit for the volume of a substance | Liter |
| Data which measures results in a numerical way | Quantitative data |
| Date which measures results in terms of descriptions | Qualitative data |
| Study of living things and the environment | Biology |
| Study ways to grow crops more efficiently | Agricultural biology |
| Research cells, DNA and living systems to discover new medical treatments | Biotechnology |
| Study living systems in order to design ways to improve life | Bioengineering |
| Characteristic of life that enables the continuation of a species | Reproduction |
| Allows for an organism to remain in balance | Homeostasis |
| Procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled conditions | Experiment |
| Group in an experiment that is the standard to which the results will be compared | Control group |
| Group in an experiment that is exposed to the factor being tested | Experimental group |
| Condition being changed by the scientist in an experiment | Independent variable |
| Information gained from observation | Data |
| Place in which an organism lives | Habitat |
| Interbreeding individuals in one place at a given time | Population |
| Group of biological communities that interact with the physical environment | Ecosystem |
| Converting nitrogen from a gas to a usable form by bacteria | Nitrogen fixation |
| Movement of chemicals on a global scale from abiotic through biotic parts of the environment | Biogeochemical cycle |
| The role an organism plays in its environment | Niche |
| Heterotroph which eats meat | Carnivore |
| Heterotroph which eats plants | Herbivore |
| Heterotroph which eats both plants/animals | Omnivore |
| Where is the largest concentration of nitrogen found? | Atmosphere |
| Scientific explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments | Theory |
| Individual organisms of a single species hat share the same geographic location at the same time | Population |
| Act of one organism consuming another | Predation |
| Allows a scientist to represent or simulate a process or system | Model |
| Biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it | Ecosystem |
| Close relationship that exists when two or more species live together | Symbiosis |
| Individual living thing | Organism |
| Living factors in an organisms environment | Biotic |
| Nonliving factors in an organisms environment | Abiotic |
| Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time | Competition |
| Portion of the earth that supports life | Biosphere |
| Study of the relationships among living organisms and the interaction they have with their environment | Ecology |
| Area of the forest that experiences very little change in the species composition | Climax community |
| Condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and at a specific time | Weather |
| Large geographic areas with similar climax communities | Biomes |
| Biome which occurs in the US and once contained huge herds of grazing herbivores | Grassland |
| Which land biome contains the greatest species diversity? | Tropical rain forest |
| Where is the largest percentage of water located? | Oceans |
| In which area of the lake is there likely to be the greatest diversity of plankton? | Limnetic zone |
| Biome with grasses and trees intermixed | Savanna |
| Where is the greatest percentage of earth's freshwater? | Glaciers |
| Approximate percentage of earth's freshwater contained in glaciers | 69% |
| Zone which has proven to be the most difficult for marine biologists to explore | Abyssal zone |
| Biome in which rate of evaporation higher than precipitation | Desert |
| Which zone would support the greatest variety of coral reef ecosystems? | Photic zone |
| Which ecosystem has the greatest biodiversity? | Estuary |
| Ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic/biotic factors | Tolerance |
| Distance of any point on the surface of earth N/S of the equator | Latitude |
| Orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil remains | Secondary succession |
| All living organisms are limited by the _____ in their environment | Factors |
| Material deposited by water, wind or glaciers | Sediment |
| Deepest are of a large lake | Profundal zone |
| Average weather conditions in a specific area | Climate |
| Change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another | Ecological succession |
| Establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock without topsoil | Primary succession |
| Difference between primary and secondary succession | Soil |
| Basic unit of living things | Cell |
| Protein fiber that forms the cells supporting network | Cytoskeleton |
| Manufactures ribosomes within the cell | Nucleolus |
| Process in which plasma membrane pumps excess sodium out of the cell into an environment where there is a lower concentration of sodium | Diffusion |
| Organelle produces protein for a cell | Ribosome |
| Organelle which is often large in plant cells but small or absent in animals cells | Vacuole |
| Acts as a distribution center for cell proteins | Golgi apparatus |
| Breaks down excess microtubules | Lysosome |
| Contains the cell's DNA | Nucleus |
| Creates energy for the cell | Mitochondria |
| Process of cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells | Mitosis |
| Produces protein for the cell | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Framework for the cell | Cytoskeleton |
| Synthesizes ribosomes | Nucleolus |
| Stores cell materials | Vacuoles |
| Inflexible barrier that provides support and protects the plant | Cell wall |
| Form of cell reproduction which results in gametes | Meiosis |
| Cells which have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles | Eukaryotes |
| Needed to move substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane | Transport proteins |
| Component of the cell membrane that allows for fluidity and flexibility | Cholesterol |
| Key property of the plasma membrane | Selective permeability |
| Modern concept of the plasma membrane | Fluid mosaic model |
| Distinct central organelle that contains a cell's genetic material in the form of DNA | Nucleus |
| Cells without a membrane bound nucleus | Prokaryotes |
| Two layers of lipids arranged tail-to-tail | Phospholipid bilayer |
| Moves small molecules across the plasma membrane using transport proteins | Facilitated diffusion |
| Involves water moving across the plasma membrane to the side of the greater solute concentration | Osmosis |
| Occurs when substances move against the concentration gradient; requires energy to the aid of carrier proteins | Active transport |
| Occurs when the plasma membrane surrounds a large substance inside the cell and moves it outside the cell | Exocytosis |
| The condition that results when diffusion continues until the concentrations are the same in all areas | Dynamic equilibrium |
| Occurs when the plasma membrane surrounds a large substance outside the cell and moves it inside the cell | Endocytosis |
| Energy cannot be created nor ____ | Destroyed |
| Energy is the capacity to do ____ | Work |
| What do cells store and release as the main source of chemical energy? | ATP |
| _____ is broken down during the Kreb's cycle | Pyruvate |
| Internal membrane of the chloroplast that is organized into flattened membranous sacs | Thylakoids |
| Molecule which results from the final step of the Calvin cycle | RuBP |
| Adenosine triphosphate is biologically important because it provides ____ energy | Chemical |
| Light-absorbing molecules such as chlorophyll | Pigments |
| Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle occur? | Mitochondria |
| Which is formed during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis | Glucose |
| An oak tree performs photosynthesis in organelles called ____ | Chloroplast |
| Aerobic respiration occurs in organelles called ____ | Mitochondria |
| Ability to do work | Energy |
| Final step of aerobic respiration when ATP is created | Electron transport chain |
| What does the first law of thermodynamics state? | Energy is conserved |
| Al of the chemical reactions in an organism's cells | Cell metabolism |
| Autotrophs that convert light energy into chemical energy | Photoautotrophs |
| In lactic acid fermentation, ____ is converted into lactic acid | Pyruvate |
| What anaerobic process occurs after glycolysis? | Fermentation |
| What chemical bond in ATP releases energy when broken? | Phosphate |
| In the second phase of photosynthesis, glucose is made from ____ | ATP |
| Anabolic pathway in which light energy is converted to chemical energy | Photosynthesis |
| Anabolic pathways are ____ reactions | Synthesis |
| Catabolic pathways in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy | Cellular respiration |
| Catabolic pathways are ____ reactions | Decomposition reactions |
| Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy (entropy) | 2nd law of thermodynamics |
| Energy cannot be created nor destroyed | 1st law of thermodynamics |
| Most important energy storage molecule in the body | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Organelle in which sunlight is absorbed | Chloroplast |
| Organelle in which aerobic processes of cellular respiration take place | Mitochondria |
| Study of the transformation of energy in the universe | Thermodynamics |
| "Without air" | Anaerobic |
| Series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction | Metabolic pathway |
| Large cells have difficulty diffusing ____ rapidly enough to support life functions | Nutrients |
| In large cells, ____ of wastes becomes a problem | Transportation |
| Signal for the cell to divide | Cylcins |
| Concerning the surface area-to-volume ratio, what is the surface area represent in the cell? | Plasma membrane |
| Activities of a cell that include cellular growth and cell division | Cell cycle |
| Cancer cells contain multiple ____ changes | Genetic |
| As a cell's volume increases, what happens to the proportional amount of surface area? | Decreases |
| Starting with one cell that underwent six divisions, how many cells would result? | 64 |
| Programmed cell death | Apoptosis |
| The cancer drug 'vinblastine' interferes with synthesis of microtubules. In mitosis, this would interfere with what? | Spindle formation |
| Unspecialized human cells | Stem cells |
| Main stage in which cell grows and carries out normal functions | Interphase |
| Stage in which cells nuclear material divides and separates | Mitosis |
| Stage in which the cell divides into two daughter cells with identical nuclei | Cytokinesis |
| Substage in which the cell prepares for nuclear division and protein that makes microtubules for cell division is synthesized | G2 phase |
| Substage of interphase immediately after a cell divides | G1 phase |
| Substage of interphase in which cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division | S phase |
| Proteins which bind to enzymes to start various activities in the cell cycle | Cyclins |
| Different ___ combinations control different activities at different stags in the cell cycle | Cyclin/CDK |
| Substances and agents are known to cause cancer | Carcinogens |
| Governmental agency which is in charge of ensuring the public that what they consume is safe | Food and drug administration |
| A mechanism involving proteins and ___ control the cell cycle | Enzymes |
| Stem cells which have not become specialized and can develop into a variety of different cells | Embryonic stem cells |
| Stem cells which are found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue in which they are found | Adult stem cells |
| (Mitotic phases) Chromosomes attach to spindle apparatus and align along cells equator | Metaphase |
| (Mitotic phases) Chromosomes begin moving to opposite poles | Anaphase |
| (Mitotic phases) Chromosomes condense | Prophase |
| (Mitotic phases) Chromosomes reach poles of cell | Telophase |
| (Mitotic phases) Microtubules shorten | Anaphase |
| (Mitotic phases) Nuclear membrane disintegrates | Prophase |
| (Mitotic phases) Nucleolus disappears | Prophase |
| (Mitotic phases) Nucleolus reappears | Telophase |
| Which concept is considered an exception to Mendel's law of independent assortment? | Gene linkage |
| What determines gender in humans? | X and Y Chromosomes |
| Both _____ and multiple alleles describe the inheritance of human blood types | Codominance |
| Sister chromatids to do separate properly | Nondisjunction |
| How many chromosomes are found in human body cells? | Forty Six |
| A gene can be described as being a(n) | DNA segment |
| A form of a gene is known as a(n) | Allele |
| Having extra chromosome sets is known as | Polyploidy |
| An organism having two of the same alleles for a trait is called | Homozygous |
| An organism having two different alleles for a given trait is called | Heterozygous |
| Trisomy 21 | Down Syndrome |
| Results in an exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes | Crossing over |
| Father of Genetics | Gregor Mendel |
| Can help to predict the offspring of a genetic cross | Punnett Square |
| Involves both crossing over and independent assortment | Genetic recombination |
| Person who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder | Carrier |
| Diagram which illustrates the inheritance pattern between two parents and offspring | Pedigree |
| A characteristic that has more than one pair of possible genotypes is said to be a(n) | Polygenic trait |
| Inheritance pattern in which the heterozygous genotype results in an intermediate phenotype between the dominant and recessive phenotype | Incomplete dominance |
| Genes found on the x chromosome are associated with... | Sex-linked traits |
| Protective ends of the chromosomes | Telomeres |
| Error that occurs during cell division which may be fatal to the organism or result in serious growth/development issues | Nondisjunction |
| Both ___ and the environment influence an organism's phenotype | Genes |
| Absence of gene that codes for enzyme to break down dairy compounds | Galactosemia |
| Affects red blood cells ability to transport oxygen | Sickle Cell Disease |
| Build up of fatty deposits in the brain | Tay-Sachs Disease |
| Decline of mental and neurological function | Huntington's Disease |
| Excessive mucus production; digest and respiratory failure | Cystic Fibrosis |
| Inability of blood to clot properly or at all | Hemophilia |
| Lack of pigment | Albinism |
| Short arms and legs; large head | Achondroplasia |
| Distinctive facial features, short stature and mental disabilities | Down Syndrome |
| Human male with extra X chromosome | Klinefelter's Syndrome |
| Person who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder | Carrier |
| Protective ends of the chromosome | Telomere |
| Micrograph of stained chromosomes | Karyotype |
| Both ___ and the environment influence an organism's phenotype | Genes |
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