nervous system, neurons, endocrine system, brain
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Central Nervous System | Brain, Spinal Cord,
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| Peripheral Nervous System | sends to and from the central nervous system
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| Somatic Nervous System | division of peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles, activates muscles voluntarily
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| Autonomic Nervous System | division of the peripheral nervous system that automatic functions of the body
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| Sympathetic Nervous System | part of the autonomic nervous system, arouses the body to deal with perceived threats,
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System | part of the autonomic nervous system that calms you
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| Afferent Nerves (Sensory Neurons) | from peripheral to central, part of body to brain (SAME)
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| Efferent Nerves (Motor Neurons) | from central to peripheral, brain to part of body (SAME)
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| Interneurons | nerve cells in brain and spinal cord, process information related to sensory and motor neurons
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| Reflex Arc | automatic response that you cannot control
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| Dendrites | branch out from cell body, receive information by neurotransmitter
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| Soma | cell body
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| Nucleus | tells neurons what to do, “brain”
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| Axon | pathway of impulses
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| Myelin Sheath | makes impulses travel faster through axon
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| Axon Terminal | where neurotransmitters are stored, release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft,
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| Terminal Buttons | holds the axon terminal
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| Vesicles | end of axon terminal, move toward synapse
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| Synapse (Synaptic Gap, Synaptic Cleft) | after neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal
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| Resting Potential | ready to fire but not firing yet, waits for neurotransmitters to go across synapse
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| Excitatory Neurotransmitters | more likely to reach threshold
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| Inhibitory Neurotransmitters | less likely to reach threshold
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| Threshold | minimum level of stimulation required for transmission
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| Action Potential (Neural Impulse) | the electrical impulse is traveling down the axon
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| Refractory Period | resting of the neuron so it can fire again
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| All or None Principle | you either have and action potential or you don’t
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| Electrochemical Reaction | whole synaptic transmission process,
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| Neurotransmitters | located in different locations of the brain, travel through neurons
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| Dopamine | effects movement, mostly involuntary, too much: schizophrenia, too little: Parkinson’s
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| Serotonin | mood, sleeping habits, eating habits, low levels: depression
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| Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) | neurotransmitter and hormone, adrenaline, stress, fight or flight
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| Acetylcholine | memory, learning, voluntary muscle movement, too little: Alzheimer’s
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| GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid) | predominate inhibitory neurotransmitter, helps to relax and focus, not enough: anxiety
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| Glutamate | predominate excitatory neurotransmitter, activates neurons to remember things
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| Endorphins | natural pain killers
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| Glial Cells | help neurons to work, protect neurons, produce myelin sheath
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| Endocrine System | produce hormones
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| Glands | release hormones
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| Pituitary | “master gland,” controls other glands, located at the base of the brain, connects to hypothalamus, responsible for cell reproduction, makes you grow
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| Pancreas | regulates how much sugar is in your blood,
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| Thyroid | regulates energy in the body, located in the neck, controls metabolism
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| Adrenal | helps to arouse the body in times of stress, on top of the kidneys, adrenaline
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| Pineal | regulates sleep, makes hormone that makes you tired, produces melatonin
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| Ovaries | females, controls sexual: development, functioning, reproduction
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| Testes | males, controls sexual: development, functioning, reproduction
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| Hormones | chemical from nervous system
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| Human Growth Hormone (HGH) | pituitary gland, helps you grow
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| Insulin | controls blood sugar, pancreas
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| Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) | fight of flight, stress,
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| Melatonin | sleep, makes you tired
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| Estrogen | females sexual reproduction, development, functioning
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| Progesterone | females sexual reproduction, development, functioning
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| Testosterone | males sexual reproduction, development, functioning
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| Accidents & Brain Damage (Case Studies) | take someone that has brain damage and study them for a long time
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| Lesions | damage part of the brain (animal) to see the effect it has
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| EEG (Electroencephalography) | measures how active your brain is, function
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| CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography) | special xray, structure
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| PET (Positron Emission Tomography) | inject the body with glucose to see how the brain uses it, function
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| MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | very clear picture of the brain, structure
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| fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | tells what the brain is doing, what part of the brain is active, structure and function
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| Hindbrain (Lower Brain) | everything is necessary for survival
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| Brainstem | part of the hindbrain, oldest and most basic part of the brain, where spinal cord becomes the brain,
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| Medulla | part of the brainstem, controls basic life functions, damage: death
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| Pons | part of the brainstem, sends messages from spinal cord to further in the brain, controls dreams
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| Reticular Formation | part of the brainstem, controls levels of alertness, damage: coma
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| Cerebellum | part of the hindbrain, voluntary movements and balance, muscle coordination and memory
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| Thalamus | part of the forebrain, sits on top of the brainstem, directs messages to proper are of the brain, all senses go through except smell
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| Limbic System | part of the forebrain, at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex, regulates memory and emotion
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| Hippocampus | part of the limbic system, wraps around the thalamus, processes new memories
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| Amygdala | part of the limbic system, controls many emotional responses, and the end of the hippocampus
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| Hypothalamus | part of the limbic system, under thalamus, regulates: hunger, fight or flight, thirst, and body temperature, experience: emotion, pleasure, and sexual function, in nervous and endocrine systems, controls pituitary gland, link between the two systems
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| Cerebral Cortex | part of the cerebrum, wrinkled outer layer of the brain, makes us different from other species
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| Gyri | hill in the brain
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| Sulci | valley in the brain
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| Motor Cortex | (sensorimotor area, cerebrum) back of the frontal lobe, voluntary and involuntary body movement
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| Somatosensory Cortex (Sensory Cortex) | (sensorimotor area, cerebrum) skin sensation, touch, front of parietal lobe
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| Auditory Cortex | (sensorimotor area, cerebrum) sound, process what you are hearing, damage: no hearing
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| Visual Cortex | (sensorimotor area, cerebrum) ability to see
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| Frontal Lobe | (association area, cerebrum) emotional control, personality, problem solving, judgment, impulses, movement
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| Parietal Lobe | (association area, cerebrum) spatial processing, tactile perception, math, numbers
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| Temporal Lobe | (association area, cerebrum) auditory perception, facial recognition
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| Occipital Lobe | (association area, cerebrum) visual perception, back of the brain, think about other times you have seen something
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| Broca’s Area | enables you to communicate
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| Wernicke’s Area | helps you to understand
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| Longitudinal Fissure | separation between the two hemispheres
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| Left Hemisphere | speech, language, math, science, logic, right side of your body
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| Right Hemisphere | art, music, recognition of things, gut feeling, creativity, spatial
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| Contralaterality | brain controls opposite side of the body
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| Corpus Callosum | connects the two hemispheres, everything in left visual field will go to right visual cortex, everything in right visual field will go to left visual cortex
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| Split Brain Experiments | used to prevent seizures, hemispheres cannot communicate
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| Brain Plasticity | ability of the brain to modify itself after damage
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Created by:
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