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Unit 3
nervous system, neurons, endocrine system, brain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Central Nervous System | Brain, Spinal Cord, |
| Peripheral Nervous System | sends to and from the central nervous system |
| Somatic Nervous System | division of peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles, activates muscles voluntarily |
| Autonomic Nervous System | division of the peripheral nervous system that automatic functions of the body |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | part of the autonomic nervous system, arouses the body to deal with perceived threats, |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | part of the autonomic nervous system that calms you |
| Afferent Nerves (Sensory Neurons) | from peripheral to central, part of body to brain (SAME) |
| Efferent Nerves (Motor Neurons) | from central to peripheral, brain to part of body (SAME) |
| Interneurons | nerve cells in brain and spinal cord, process information related to sensory and motor neurons |
| Reflex Arc | automatic response that you cannot control |
| Dendrites | branch out from cell body, receive information by neurotransmitter |
| Soma | cell body |
| Nucleus | tells neurons what to do, “brain” |
| Axon | pathway of impulses |
| Myelin Sheath | makes impulses travel faster through axon |
| Axon Terminal | where neurotransmitters are stored, release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft, |
| Terminal Buttons | holds the axon terminal |
| Vesicles | end of axon terminal, move toward synapse |
| Synapse (Synaptic Gap, Synaptic Cleft) | after neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal |
| Resting Potential | ready to fire but not firing yet, waits for neurotransmitters to go across synapse |
| Excitatory Neurotransmitters | more likely to reach threshold |
| Inhibitory Neurotransmitters | less likely to reach threshold |
| Threshold | minimum level of stimulation required for transmission |
| Action Potential (Neural Impulse) | the electrical impulse is traveling down the axon |
| Refractory Period | resting of the neuron so it can fire again |
| All or None Principle | you either have and action potential or you don’t |
| Electrochemical Reaction | whole synaptic transmission process, |
| Neurotransmitters | located in different locations of the brain, travel through neurons |
| Dopamine | effects movement, mostly involuntary, too much: schizophrenia, too little: Parkinson’s |
| Serotonin | mood, sleeping habits, eating habits, low levels: depression |
| Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) | neurotransmitter and hormone, adrenaline, stress, fight or flight |
| Acetylcholine | memory, learning, voluntary muscle movement, too little: Alzheimer’s |
| GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid) | predominate inhibitory neurotransmitter, helps to relax and focus, not enough: anxiety |
| Glutamate | predominate excitatory neurotransmitter, activates neurons to remember things |
| Endorphins | natural pain killers |
| Glial Cells | help neurons to work, protect neurons, produce myelin sheath |
| Endocrine System | produce hormones |
| Glands | release hormones |
| Pituitary | “master gland,” controls other glands, located at the base of the brain, connects to hypothalamus, responsible for cell reproduction, makes you grow |
| Pancreas | regulates how much sugar is in your blood, |
| Thyroid | regulates energy in the body, located in the neck, controls metabolism |
| Adrenal | helps to arouse the body in times of stress, on top of the kidneys, adrenaline |
| Pineal | regulates sleep, makes hormone that makes you tired, produces melatonin |
| Ovaries | females, controls sexual: development, functioning, reproduction |
| Testes | males, controls sexual: development, functioning, reproduction |
| Hormones | chemical from nervous system |
| Human Growth Hormone (HGH) | pituitary gland, helps you grow |
| Insulin | controls blood sugar, pancreas |
| Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) | fight of flight, stress, |
| Melatonin | sleep, makes you tired |
| Estrogen | females sexual reproduction, development, functioning |
| Progesterone | females sexual reproduction, development, functioning |
| Testosterone | males sexual reproduction, development, functioning |
| Accidents & Brain Damage (Case Studies) | take someone that has brain damage and study them for a long time |
| Lesions | damage part of the brain (animal) to see the effect it has |
| EEG (Electroencephalography) | measures how active your brain is, function |
| CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography) | special xray, structure |
| PET (Positron Emission Tomography) | inject the body with glucose to see how the brain uses it, function |
| MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | very clear picture of the brain, structure |
| fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | tells what the brain is doing, what part of the brain is active, structure and function |
| Hindbrain (Lower Brain) | everything is necessary for survival |
| Brainstem | part of the hindbrain, oldest and most basic part of the brain, where spinal cord becomes the brain, |
| Medulla | part of the brainstem, controls basic life functions, damage: death |
| Pons | part of the brainstem, sends messages from spinal cord to further in the brain, controls dreams |
| Reticular Formation | part of the brainstem, controls levels of alertness, damage: coma |
| Cerebellum | part of the hindbrain, voluntary movements and balance, muscle coordination and memory |
| Thalamus | part of the forebrain, sits on top of the brainstem, directs messages to proper are of the brain, all senses go through except smell |
| Limbic System | part of the forebrain, at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex, regulates memory and emotion |
| Hippocampus | part of the limbic system, wraps around the thalamus, processes new memories |
| Amygdala | part of the limbic system, controls many emotional responses, and the end of the hippocampus |
| Hypothalamus | part of the limbic system, under thalamus, regulates: hunger, fight or flight, thirst, and body temperature, experience: emotion, pleasure, and sexual function, in nervous and endocrine systems, controls pituitary gland, link between the two systems |
| Cerebral Cortex | part of the cerebrum, wrinkled outer layer of the brain, makes us different from other species |
| Gyri | hill in the brain |
| Sulci | valley in the brain |
| Motor Cortex | (sensorimotor area, cerebrum) back of the frontal lobe, voluntary and involuntary body movement |
| Somatosensory Cortex (Sensory Cortex) | (sensorimotor area, cerebrum) skin sensation, touch, front of parietal lobe |
| Auditory Cortex | (sensorimotor area, cerebrum) sound, process what you are hearing, damage: no hearing |
| Visual Cortex | (sensorimotor area, cerebrum) ability to see |
| Frontal Lobe | (association area, cerebrum) emotional control, personality, problem solving, judgment, impulses, movement |
| Parietal Lobe | (association area, cerebrum) spatial processing, tactile perception, math, numbers |
| Temporal Lobe | (association area, cerebrum) auditory perception, facial recognition |
| Occipital Lobe | (association area, cerebrum) visual perception, back of the brain, think about other times you have seen something |
| Broca’s Area | enables you to communicate |
| Wernicke’s Area | helps you to understand |
| Longitudinal Fissure | separation between the two hemispheres |
| Left Hemisphere | speech, language, math, science, logic, right side of your body |
| Right Hemisphere | art, music, recognition of things, gut feeling, creativity, spatial |
| Contralaterality | brain controls opposite side of the body |
| Corpus Callosum | connects the two hemispheres, everything in left visual field will go to right visual cortex, everything in right visual field will go to left visual cortex |
| Split Brain Experiments | used to prevent seizures, hemispheres cannot communicate |
| Brain Plasticity | ability of the brain to modify itself after damage |
Created by:
slshepherd
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