Radiation of Birds
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| Clearly a maniraptoran theropod. | Archaeopteryx
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| What is the difference between Jurassic bird Archaeopteryx and modern birds? | Braincase expanded, bones of wing coalesced, ribs expanded, pelvis infused into a solid structure, tail reduced, sternum and breastbone enlarged.
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| Some think that it may not be a bird but a dromaeosaur because it has slashing second toe. | Rahonavis
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| Retailed long bony tail well after other Mesozoic birds had reduced tail. | Rahonavis
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| Has some synapomorphies with other birds. | Rahonavis
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| Shaft of ulna much thicker than shaft of radius and their fibula does not reach proximal tarsals. | Rahovanis and Jeholornis
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| Acromion process on scapula. Ulna shaft thicker than shaft of radius. Ulnar papillae for wing feather insertion. | Rahonavis
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| Fibula does not reach proximal tarsals. | Rahonavis
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| Cursorial terrestrial predators | dromeosaurs
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| grasping arms. swivel writs join. posteriorly directed pubis. | dromeosaurs
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| basically terrestrial, with flapping flight | caudipteryx and archeopteryx
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| symmetrical vaned feathers on wings and tail. down-like feathers on body. long tail. | caudipteryx
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| asymmetrical vaned wing and tail feathers. longer arms. reduced tail. | archaeopteryx
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| arboreal | iberomesornis
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| strut-like coracoid. fused pelvis. pygostyle. reduced foot claws. | iberomesornis
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| improved low speed flight | enetiornithes
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| increased skeletal fusion. deeper sternum. alula. shorter tail. | enetiornithes
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| shorter back and tail. deeper sternum and keel. more compact back and hip. | ichthyornithiformes
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| essentially modern flight | icthyornithiformnes
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| extant birds | neornithes
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| The decoupling of these caused hip-extension to knee-flexion. | tail-hindlimb decoupling
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| Has a pygostyle characteristic | confusiusornithidae of pygostylia
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| has 13 cervical vertebrae | oviraptorosauria
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| strut-like coracoid, triosseal canal, 13 cervical vertebrae, alula | enantiornithes of ornithothoraces
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| formed form fusion of caudal vertebrae to support tail feathers. | pygostyle
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| adaptation for slow flight like on Eoalulavis | alula
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| alula provides mid-wing slot on these type of birds | modern birds
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| A type of Ornithothoraces. | Sinornis
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| ossified sternum, trosseal canal, shorter tail, 11 dorsal vertebrae, center of mass toward forelimbs, hand shorter than forearm or humerus, tarsometatarsus and tibiotarsus. | Sinornis
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| Types of Ornithomorpha. | Patagopteryx and Vorona
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| metacaprals 2 and 3 partially or completely fused distally. complete fusion of metatarsals 2,3,4. | orhithomorpha
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| sharp-pointed anterior process of quadrate, globe-shaped proximal head of humerus, pubis runs back parallel to ischium and ileum. | ornithurae
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| a type of ornithurae | hesperornithiformes
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| a type of carinatae | ichthyornithiformes
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| ungual phalanx of major digit(finger 2) absent | carinatae
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| a type of neornithes | palaeognathae
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| teeth lost | neornithes
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| consist primitively of paleognathae and neognathae. | neornithes
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| vomer lost or reduced. moveable joint between palatine and pterygoid. pterygoid/braincase articulation lost. (derived palate) | neognathae
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| during their development, ascending process starts out on astagalus and then switches to calcaneum. | neognaths
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| modern paleognaths | ratites
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| flightless birds of southern continents | paleoghaths
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| tinamou and rhea of south america | palaeognaths
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| emu of australia | palaeognaths
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| ostrich of africa | palaeognaths
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| kiwi of new zealand | palaeognaths
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| cassowary of new guinea | palaeoghaths
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| indicates that flightless ratites evolved form ancestors with flight | keeled sternum with palaeognathous palate
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| indicates that most avian orders originated after Mesozoic | older fossil record of birds
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| fossils and molecules lead to different conclusions with this saying that diversification occured in earliest Tertiary | classical view of the fossil record
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| fossils and molecules lead to different conclusions with this saying that some lineages of modern birds predated K-T boundary. | molecular dating of the radiation
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| molecular clock must be calibrated with date of relevant fossils. fossils must be complete enough for cladistic analysis. fossils must be accurately dated. | issues with fossils and molecules
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| first cretaceous modern bird | galliformes
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| second cretaceous modern bird | anseriformes
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| third cretaceous modern bird | gruiformes
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| fourth cretaceous modern bird | struthioniformes
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| fifth cretaceous modern bird | passeriformes
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| diversification of Neorthines into paleognaths and neoghaths took place in this period. | Cretaceous
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| filled the niche of theropod dinosaurs that went extinct. had huge heads with bone-crushing jaws. | terror birds of the early Cenozoic
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| giant vultures and dodo | terror birds of the early Cenozoic
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| Ratites are what kind of clade? | monophyletic
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| Where are these rarities found? Tinamous, ostrich, rheas? | Africa and South America
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| Where are these rarities found? Kiwis, Cassowaries, emu? | Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea
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| chickens and reltives belong in which group of neoghathae? | galliformes
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| ducks and realtives belong in which group of neognathae? | anseriformes
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| other neognathae that are not galliformes or anseriformes are called what? | neoaves
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| anseriformes and galliformes are under the taxa | galoanserae
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| perching birds. 6000 species. most speciose order. | peasseriformes
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| ovenbirds, 6 families, limited songs, primarily South and Central America. | suboscines
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| 70 families, complex songs, worldwide. | oscines
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| has no synapomorphies | neoaves
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| birds as different as parrots, chickens, and eagles have almost identical what? | skeletal structure
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| what accounts for the shortage of morphological synapomorphies for neoaves? | flight. appears to have been an enormous constraint on avian skeletons
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| extensive moleuclar phylogeny of modern birds reveals a huge what? | surprises
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| caprimulgiforms and hummingbirds/swifts are a what? | clade
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| grebes are a clade with what? | flamingos
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| herons and egrets are nested within what? | pelicans
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| unusual frugivorous african birds are related to what? | seabirds
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| mousebirds are related to what? | owls
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| falcons are no longer raptors. they are related to what? | parrots and passerines
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| this adaptation in passeriformes includes tendons in their sheaths | perhcing
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| most morphological variation in birds is in their what? | bills
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| they have extensive cranial kinesis | birds
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| elongate hyoid bones enclosed by circular muscles. contraction of the muscles pushes the bones forward and causes the tongue to project. these are elaborate feeding adaptations in what? | woodpeckers
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| while similar in morphology, birds are highly diverse in what? | behavior
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| Drepanidninae in Fringillidae | Hawaiian honeycreepers
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| description: short stout humerus. ulna supports wing feathers. four carpals, two distal ones fused with metacarpals to form carpometacarpus. | neoaves forelimb
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| descrip: 3 fingers. pollux short, 2nd finger with 2 phalanges, 3rd finger with 1 phalanx. fingers buried in flesh, support primary flight feathers. | neoaves forelimb
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| main joint of foot in middle of tarsus. proximal elements fused with tibia to firm tibiotarsus. distal elements fused with metatarsals to form tarsometatarus. | neoaves hindlimb
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| 3 middle toes well developed, first toe often reduced or absent with incomplete metatarsal and turned to rear. 3 principal metatarsals fused into single element with separate distal ends for toes 3, 4 and 5 phalanges, but central toe the longest | neoaves hindlimb
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| posterior dorsal and proximal caudal vertebrae joined to original sacral vertebrate to form elongate synsacrum. | neoaves pelvic region
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| ilium elongated and bound to synsacrum. ischium braced to ilium. pubis and ischium fused dorsally. tail short with 6 small free vertebrae, then fused into pygostyle for support of tail feathers | neoaves pelvic region
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