GI USMLE
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| show | adenocarcinoma
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| risk factors colon cancer (5) | show 🗑
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| show | liver (as w all GI cancers)
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| show | 1)fam adenom polyp-100% col ca, 2)Gardners col polyps+osteomas &benign STS 3)Turcots-col polyps+Cb medullo/glio4)Peutz Jegher-GI hamartomas, incrs other ca but not col, pigment lips/genit, 5)juven polyp-sm risk ca 6)heredit nonpolyp col ca-no polyps ahead
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| show | abd pain MC presenting sympt; R side: melena, Fe defic anemia, no change stool; L-side: hematochezia, obstruct more common and change stool; rectal: higher recurrence lower survival, hematochezia MC sympt, tenasmus
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| show | duke's criteria: A=mucosa, B=past mucosa w/o LN, C=regional LN, D=mets
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| tx colon cancer | show 🗑
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| when use radiation in colon cancer | show 🗑
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| how/when use CEA to monitor recurrence colon cancer, when do recurrences occur | show 🗑
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| show | 1) hyperplastic/metaplastic: usu small, asx, no risk cancer but removed bc hard to tell from ca, 2) inflamm polyps/pseudo polyps in UC, 3) adenomatous polyps-malignant potl, esp if villous (v tubular or tubulovillous), large, flat, and if lots
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| MC location of colon polyps | show 🗑
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| show | diverticulosis: painless bldg, diverticulitis; diverticulitis: obstruction, abscess, fistula
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| show | low fiber, fam hx, incrsd age
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| MC location of diverticulosis | show 🗑
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| show | (usu asx) vague LLQ discomfort, may have painless bldg that usu stops spont (no tx nec)
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| dx for diverticulosis | show 🗑
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| show | hi fiber diet or psyllium (has mucilage)
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| show | F, LLQ pain, incrsd WBC
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| dx for diverticulitis | show 🗑
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| show | IV fluids and Abx, NPO, mild episodes can be outpatient; if sympt persist 3-4d or recurrence need surgery
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| angiodyspl of colon is due to what etiol? Is assoc w what cardiac defect? | show 🗑
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| how does angiodysp of colon present? In whom? Dx, tx? | show 🗑
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| 4 etiologies of acute mesenteric isch in order of freq | show 🗑
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| presentation, tx of arterial embolic acute mesenteric isch | show 🗑
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| presentation, tx of arterial thrombus acute mesenteric isch | show 🗑
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| show | pts w low CO, critically ill, elderly; tx: papaverine during arteriography
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| show | sympt present for days/wks get progressively worse; pts have infxn, hypercoag, OCP, portal HTN, malig, pancreatitis; tx: heparin
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| show | abd pain >> physical findings
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| in addition to arteriography tx for acute mesenteric ischemia, what other tx do all etiol of acute mes isch get | show 🗑
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| show | vasopressors, they make isch worse
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| show | lactic acidosis
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| cause and presentation of chronic mesenteric isch? Is it more common than acute? | show 🗑
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| show | dx: mesenteric arteriography; tx: revasc surgery
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| show | signs/sympt of large bowel obstruction, but no evidence of mechanical obstruction
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| what's Ogilvie's syndrome assoc w? | show 🗑
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| tx for Ogilvie's syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | if colon diam >10cm (bowel rupture risk)
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| show | C dif overgrowth after Abx
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| show | clindamycin, ampicillin, cephalosporins [usu get pseudomem colitis w'in 1st wk]
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| clinical present of pseudomem colitis? Cxns? | show 🗑
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| show | C dif toxin in stool; also get abd radiograph to r/o toxic megacolon and colonic perf
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| show | discont Abx, start metronidazole (but not in preg or kids; back up is vanc); cholestryramine can help w diarrhea
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| after pseudomem colitis has been tx, when might it recur | show 🗑
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| MC location of colonic volvulus | show 🗑
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| clinical present of colonic volvulus | show 🗑
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| show | 1) sigmoid: decompress w sigmoidoscopy, elective resxn; 2) cecal: emergent resxn
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| show | 1) sigmoid: omega loop sign, dilated sigmoid; 2) cecal: coffee bean sign, air fluid RLQ w distension of cecum and small bowel
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| show | bird's beak at location of volvulus
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| when should barium enema NOT be used in colonic volvulus work up | show 🗑
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| show | Child's classif includes ascites (0, controlled, uncontrolled), bili, albumin, nutrition, encephalpathy; scale A (good) to C (bad)
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| show | bili: <2=A, 2-2.5=B, >3=C; albumin: >3.5=A, 3-3.5=B; <3=C
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| ascites, nutrition, and encephalopathy cut-offs for difft Child's classif of liver cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| show | 1=EtOH, 2=chronic hep,
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| causes of liver cirrhosis other than 2 (7--divided into 4 categories) | show 🗑
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| show | hemochromatosis, Wilson's, alpha-anti trypsin defic
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| Rx causing liver cirrhosis (2) | show 🗑
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| classic clinical signs of liver cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| lab values in liver cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| cxns of liver cirrhosis (7) | show 🗑
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| types of varices in liver cirrhosis and tx | show 🗑
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| tx of esophageal varices in liver cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| show | beta blockers to prevent rebleeding
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| show | due to portal HTN and hypoalbumin; abd distension, shifting dullness, fluid wave
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| indications for parecentesis; what in parecentesis indicates portal HTN | show 🗑
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| show | low Na diet, diuretics (furosemide&spironolactone), parecentesis if short of breath; TIPS (transjugular intrahep portal-system shunt) or peritoneovenous shunt can decrs portal P
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| differential ascites (6) | show 🗑
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| gold standard for liver cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| clinical findings and tx for hepatic encephalopathy | show 🗑
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| describe hepatorenal syndrome, lab findings, tx | show 🗑
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| show | ascites + abd pain, F, vomit, rebound tenderness
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| dx of spont bac peritonitis | show 🗑
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| show | Abx, repeat parecentesis 2-3d to see decrsd PMN (<250)
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| lab findings of coag in liver cirrhosis, tx | show 🗑
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| features of Wilson's (4) | show 🗑
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| show | 1) penicillamine, 2) Zn prevents Cu uptake [can be used in presympt or preg, or w penicillamine]
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| what do the deposits in hemochromo consist of | show 🗑
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| show | all AR
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| show | Liver: cirrhosis; cardiac: CHF, arrhythmias; skin/joints: tanning of skin, arthritis; endo: DM (deposits in pancreas), hypothyr, hypogonad (incl impotence and amenorrhea)
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| show | incrsd Fe, incrsd ferritin, incrsd transferrin, decrsd TIBC
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| show | liver bx is reqd
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| presentation and tx of hepatocellular adenoma | show 🗑
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| presentation and tx of liver (cavernous) hemangioma | show 🗑
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| 2 MC benign liver tumor | show 🗑
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| two types of hepatocellular carcinoma incl presentation and prognosis | show 🗑
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| show | cirrhosis (esp hep or EtOH), chemicals (alfatoxin, vinyl Cl, thorotrast), genetic: hemochromo, Wilsons, AAT defic, glycogen storage dz type1; schistosomiasis; smoking
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| show | painful hepatomegaly, also look for paraneoplastic syndromes (ie incrsd RBC, plts, Ca++, carcinoid)
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| show | liver bx; imaging esp MRI/MRA if resxn; AFP used as screening tool (40-70% cases of cancer) and response to therapy
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| show | 10%
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| show | histology same as EtOH liver dz, usu asx and benign w mild incrsd ALT and AST; assoc w obesity, incrsd lipids, DM; no clear tx
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| types of liver cysts and tx | show 🗑
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| organism and location of liver hydatid cysts | show 🗑
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| types of liver abscess and organisms | show 🗑
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| clinical present of liver amebic abscess | show 🗑
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| dx and tx of liver abscess pyogenic | show 🗑
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| dx and tx of liver amebic abscess | show 🗑
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| show | occlusion hepatic veins, usu gradual course; causes: hypercoag, polycythemia and myloprolifer, preg, chronic inflamm
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| dx and tx of Budd Chiari | show 🗑
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| show | t_bili >2
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| describe bilirubin metabolism | show 🗑
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| where is the defect for direct hyperbili? Indirect hyperbili? | show 🗑
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| show | cholestasis: incrsd incrsd AlkP, incrsd ALT/AST; hepatocellular: nml or sl incrsd AlkP, incrsd incrsd ALT/AST
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| show | ALT is more sensitive and specific to liver dz, AST found elsewhere
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| show | low hundreds: chronic viral hep, acute EtOH hep; high hundreds to low thousands: acute viral hep; >10,000: hepatic necrosis (isch, acetaminophen, severe viral)
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| show | not liver specific, but GGT is; incrsd when bile obstructed
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| show | acetaminophen, INH, methyldopa, TB meds (rifampin, pyrazinamide), tetracycline
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| show | 1) cholesterol (yellow/green), 2) pigmented (black=in GB, hemolysis or EtOH cirrhosis; brown=ducts seen in biliary tract infxn); 3) mixed (majority)
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| causes of black and brown (pigmented) gallstones | show 🗑
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| show | obesity, DM, hyperlipid; mltpl preg, OCP; Crohn's, ileal resxn, CF; native american; incrsd age; cirrhosis
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| classic cholelithiasis sympt | show 🗑
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| show | cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, gallstone ileus
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| dx of cholelithiasis, tx | show 🗑
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| pathophysiol of acute cholecystitis | show 🗑
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| show | rebound tenderness RUQ [Murphy's sign-inspiratory arrest during deep palp], pain RUQ/epigastric to R shoulder, low grade F, mild incrs WBC
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| show | US-thickened GB wall w distended GB [CT as good as US for dx, but better for assessing cxns]; HIDA if US is inconclusive
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| abbrev for HIDA and describe HIDA for acute cholecystitis | show 🗑
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| show | hydration, NPO, IV Abx and pain meds; surgery 1st 24-48hrs in most pts w sympt gallstones
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| key differences of choledocholithiasis (v cholelithiasis) | show 🗑
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| show | 1ry=arises in CBD, usu pigmented; 2ry=arises in GB (95%, usu chol or mixed)
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| dx of choledocholithiasis | show 🗑
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| show | ERCP w sphincterotomy, stone extraction, stent placement
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| pathophys and causes of cholangitis | show 🗑
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| clinical findings of cholangitis | show 🗑
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| labs cholangitis | show 🗑
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| show | RUQ US initial study (but not sensitive for stones in CBD)
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| show | start IV fluids and Abx, once afebrile 48hrs do ERCP/PTC to decompress
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| how know whether use ERCP or PTC in cholangitis | show 🗑
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| present and tx of acalculous cholecystitis | show 🗑
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| show | adenocarcinoma in elderly
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| clinical presentation of GB cancer | show 🗑
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| risks for GB cancer | show 🗑
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| show | prophylactically remove (50% develop cancer)
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| tx GB cancer, px | show 🗑
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| show | 1ry sclerosing cholangitis
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| show | ulcerative colitis
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| show | no curative, can give cholestyramine for pruritus [sequesters bile acid in GI to prevent reabsorb]
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| location of problem for 1ry biliary cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| show | scleroderma (seen in young women w autoimmune dzs)
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| clinical present of 1ry biliary cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| show | cholestatic LFT (incrsd alkP), incrsd chol HDL, incrsd immunoglob M, anti-mitochondrial Abs
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| dx of 1ry biliary cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| tx of 1ry biliary cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| show | usu adenocarcinoma of bile ducts, 1) prox CBD (MC, Klatskin unresectable), 2) distal extrahep (most likely to be resectable), 3) intrahep (least common)
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| show | MC 1ry scl cholangitis, also UC, choledochal cysts, clonorhic sinensis infxn Hong Kong
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| clinical picture of cholangiosarcinoma, dx | show 🗑
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| show | very poor, since most are not resectable
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| show | more common in women, worst complication is cholangiocarcinoma
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| show | dx: US, ERCP is definitive, tx: resxn with biliary enteric anastamosis
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| what hormone causes relax of sphincter of Oddi and cxn of GB | show 🗑
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| how dx biliary dyskinesia; tx | show 🗑
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| clinical present of biliary diskinesia | show 🗑
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| show | iatrogenic, reccurent choledocholith, chronic pancreatitis, 1ry scl chol
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| show | 2ry bil cirrhosis, liver abscess, asc cholangitis
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| tx bile duct stricture | show 🗑
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| pathogen of acute appendicitis | show 🗑
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| show | peak incidence teens-mid20's, highest rate perf in infants and elderly (and delay >24hrs)
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| clinical present of acute appendicitis | show 🗑
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| show | McBurney's pt of max pain, Rovsing: deep palp LLQ causes pain RLQ; Psoas: RLQ pain when R thigh extended; obturator: RLQ pain when flexed R thigh internally rotated
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| dx of acute appendicitis | show 🗑
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| show | flushing, sweating, wheezing, diarrhea, abd pain, heart valve dysfxn
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| show | EtOH (40%), gallstones (40%), ERCP (10%), viral (mumps, coxB), Rx, scorpion bites; in kids: blunt trauma
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| show | epigastric pain (50% radiate to back), worse supine and after meals, N/V, anorexia; low F, hypotension, incrsd WBC
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| show | ecchymoses following fascial planes--Grey Turner's sign, Cullen's sign, Fox's sign
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| dx of acute pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| how abd radiograph or US helpful in acute pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| cxns of acute pancreatitis (5) | show 🗑
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| describe 2 types of pan necrosis and how differentiate | show 🗑
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| show | if <5cm observe, >5cm drain
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| describe present of pan pseudo cyst | show 🗑
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| name Ranson's criteria for acute pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| initial 48 hrs Ranson's criteria for acute pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| causes of chronic pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| clinical present of chronic pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| show | CT (can show Ca++ not evident on plain radio; but nml CT doesn’t r/o dx); ERCP is gold standard; labs not helpful bc lipase and amylase are not elevated
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| show | narcotic abuse, DM, malab/steatorrhea (late) B12 defic, pseudocyst, pan cancer
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| tx chronic pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| show | removal of distal 1/2 stom, GB w cystic and CBD, head of pancreas, duo, and prox jejunum; connect pancreas and hepatic duct to duodenum
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| show | MC in elderly, more common in AA; pan head (75%), pan body (20%), tail
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| risks for pan cancer | show 🗑
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| clinical present of pan cancer | show 🗑
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| dx of pan cancer; tumor mrkrs | show 🗑
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| show | resxn (Whipple's) but only 10% resectable and poor px even w resxn; should stent during ERCP if non-resectable and bil obstruction
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| show | PUD (duo ulcer 25%, gastric ulcer 20%, gastritis 25%), esophag varices 10%, Mallory Weiss, aortoenteric fistula, neoplasm
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| show | hematemesis: upper GI endo, hematochezia: r/o hemorrhoids then colonoscopy, melena: upper endo, occult blood: colonoscopy
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| show | upper GI bleed, but slower rate
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| causes of lower GI bleeding (5) | show 🗑
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| how dx small GI bleeding; how might present | show 🗑
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| causes of dark stools other than melena (5) | show 🗑
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| how does BUN: Cr help dx GI bleeding | show 🗑
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| how is NG tube aspirate useful for dx GI bleeding | show 🗑
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| where is lig of trietz, why impt for GI bleeding | show 🗑
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| tx of upper GI bldg | show 🗑
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| show | colonoscopy-polyp excision and laser/cautery, arteriography can inject vasoconstrict
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| indications for surgery for GI bldg (4) | show 🗑
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| show | squamos cell-more common in AA, smoking EtOH, usu upper and mid esophag; adeno-more common in Caucasian men with GERD and Barretts in distal 1/3
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| risks for squamos cell cancer of esophag | show 🗑
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| risks for adeno esophag cancer | show 🗑
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| staging for esophag cancer | show 🗑
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| clinical present of esophag cancer | show 🗑
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| dx of esophag cancer | show 🗑
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| tx esophag cancer | show 🗑
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| show | LES doesn't relax completely w swallowing
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| cause of achalasia | show 🗑
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| show | dysphagia of solids=liquids (unlike esophag cancer); may aspriate bc of regurg
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| show | solids first, then liquids
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| cxns of achalasia | show 🗑
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| show | mannometry showing 1) incomplete relax of LES, 2) aperistalsis of esophag
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| show | injxn botulinum into LES (effective 65%, but rept q2 yrs), subling NG can help early for short-term tx; anti muscarinics, ie dicyclomine) not helpful
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| show | 1) Rx (esp botulinum), 2) dilation (5% risk perf), 3) surgical (Heller myotomy, incise muscle of LES, often if dilation doesn't work)
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| describe pathophys and dx of diffuse esophag spasm | show 🗑
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| clinical present of diffuse esophag spasm | show 🗑
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| corkscrew esophag indicates? | show 🗑
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| show | nitrates and CCB (decrs amplit of cxns), TCA may help sympt
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| show | 1) sliding (>90%, assoc w GERD) both stomach and GEJ; 2) paraesophag: just stomach at risk strangulation so need surgery
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| show | GERD, reflux esophagitis, Barrettes/cancer, aspiration
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| show | Ba upper GI + upper endo
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| show | 1)sliding: antacids, sm meals, elevate head after eat, may need Niessens fundoplication in 15%; 2) paraeso: sx
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| differentiate Mallory Weiss Tears and Boerhaaves | show 🗑
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| tx of Mallory Weiss tears | show 🗑
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| show | upper esophag web (dysphagia), Fe defic anemia, spoon shaped nails [koilonychia], atrophic oral mucosa
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| show | risk of SCC or oral, esophag
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| show | esophag dilation, tx of anemia
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| describe Shatzki ring and tx | show 🗑
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| what is Shatzki's ring assoc w | show 🗑
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| types of esophag diverticuli and cause for ea(3) | show 🗑
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| tx for ea type of esophag diverticuli (3) | show 🗑
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| clinical present of esophag perf | show 🗑
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| show | contrast esophagram using Gatrografin
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| tx of esophag perf | show 🗑
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| clinical present of Zenkers diverticul | show 🗑
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| show | stricture and esophag cancer
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| define Hamman's sign | show 🗑
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| describe key factors duo ulcers: % of ulcers, acid sxn, cause, age, blood type, pain wrt eating | show 🗑
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| show | 25% of ulcers, acid sxn nml or decrsd, cause NSAIDs although also H Pylori, age older (50s), blood type A, pain worse w eating
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| show | duo: 1-2 cm distal pylorus; gastric: I(70%) lesser curv, II: gastric and duo, III: prepyloric, IV: near esophagogastric jxn
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| show | 1) endoscopy (need for bx gastric, for tx acute bleeding) also can dx H Pylori, 2) H Pylori dx: urease breath test, Abs in serum to H Pylori doesn't mean acute infxn, 3) serum gastrin levels if suspect ZES
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| show | no NSAIDs or ASA, no EtOH or smoking, no eating before bed
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| show | PPI (prazole), H2 block aids healing ulcers (tidine), antacids just used supplement for sympt; tx of H Pylori infxn as nec
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| show | sucralfate, misoprosol (use w NSAID)
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| show | if possible switch to acetominophen, if need to stay on NSAIDs, put them on misoprosol
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| what's triple therapy for H Pylori (generally)? What's quad therapy? | show 🗑
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| a specific ex of triple therapy for H Pylori | show 🗑
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| causes of acute gastritis | show 🗑
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| show | if no red flags tx empiric acid suppression and discont any NSAIDs; if doesn't respond 4-8 wks do upper GI, US (stones), and dx H Pylori
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| show | A (10%): fundus, auto Abs to parietal cells and IF assoc w pernicious anemia and thyroiditis, risk gastric cancer; B(90%): antrum, NSAID or H Pylori, incrsd risk PUD and gastric cancer
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| show | upper GI endo w bx, test H Pylori
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| types of gastric cancer (2) and risks | show 🗑
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| show | ulcerative, polypoid, superficial spreading (most favorable px), linitis plastica leather bottle infiltrates early through all layers, stomach wall is thick and rigid, poor px
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| part of world gastric cancer MC | show 🗑
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| show | gastritis, adenamatous gastric polyps, H Pylori, pern anemia, preserved foods (w salts, nitrites, smoked fish), Menetrier, postantrectomy (s/p Billroth II), blood type A
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| show | resxn w wide (>5cm) margins and extended LN dissection, +/- chemo
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| show | gastric cancer met to ovary
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| Blumer's shelf | show 🗑
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| Sister Mary joseph nodule | show 🗑
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| show | gastric cancer met to supraclaviular LN
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| show | gastric cancer met to left axillary
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| show | Krukengerg (ovary), Blumer (rectum), Sister Mary Joseph (periumbil), Virchow (supraclavicular), Irish (L axillary)
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| closed v open loop small bowel obstruct, and why impt differentiation | show 🗑
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| show | prox=freq vomit, severe pain, min abd distension; distal=vomit less freq, abd distension
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| show | 1=adhesion, 2=incarcerated hernia, also malignancy, Crohns, SMA syndrome
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| show | if incomplete obstruct and no F, incrsd WBC, or peritoneal signs: IV fluids, correct K (usu low), Abx, NG tube to decompress stomach; otherwise surgery (resect as nec and lyse adhesions)
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| show | usu low K low Cl metabolic alk and hypovol from vomitting
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| causes of large bowel obstruct | show 🗑
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| show | decrsd or absent peristalsis w/o mech obstruction
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| causes of paralytic ileus | show 🗑
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| dx of paralytic ileus | show 🗑
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| show | usu resolves over time, IV fluids, correct K, NG suction if nec or long tube if persists
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| show | abd distension, bloating, diarrhea; small bowel bx shows flattened villi
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| show | UC is usu bloody diarrhea, F and wgt loss only in more severe; Crohns diarrhea usu w/o blood and F and malaise common, along w wgt loss and malabsorb
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| show | UC
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| show | Crohns anywhere in GI but MC terminal ileum, UC always involves rectum +/- colon (no skip lesions)
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| show | skin: erythema nodosum, gallstones and kidney stones
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| show | skin: pyoderma gangrenosum, arthritis: ankyl spondylitis, sclerosing cholangitis
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| extra GI findings seen in both UC and Crohns | show 🗑
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| show | episcleritis, monoarticular arthritis, skin
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| dx of IBD | show 🗑
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| show | fistula, SBO (MC need for sx), gallstones, kidney stones, malabsorb, aphthous ulcers lips, gingiva, buccal mucosa
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| cxns of UC | show 🗑
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| show | acute exacerb: systemic steroids; sulfsalazine if colon is involved in Crohns and for all UC; +/- immunosuppressive; sx: only for cxns in Crohns but can be curative for UC
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| show | external-inferior hemorrhoidal plexus veins distal to dentate line (sensate);internal-superior rectal plexus submucosal ceins above dentate (insensate)
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| show | AST > 2x ALT
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|
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| show | foodborn; no longterm sequelae; IgM HAV +
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|
||||
| show | food/water transmission; no chronic infxn **but often fatal pregnant women
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|
||||
| show | needles, sex, perinatal; chronic hep B can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer
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|
||||
| Hep C transmission, longterm sequelae | show 🗑
|
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| show | Hep A, B (not C)
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|
||||
| show | Hep D needs Hep B +
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|
||||
| show | Hep B
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|
||||
| which Hep assoc w mebranoprolifer glomerulonephritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Hep B, C, D
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|
||||
| which Hep can cause chronic hepatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | only history of infxn, need to test RNA to see if current infxn [or HB sAb=resolved]
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|
||||
| show | HepB sAg=unresolved, HB sAb=immune/resolved, HBcAb=new infxn, HBeAg=infectivity
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|
||||
| what Ab look for to determine chronic Hep B | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HepB cAb
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|
||||
| how treat chronic Hep B | show 🗑
|
||||
| what can you give to pt exposed to Hep B | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | TB meds (rifampin, INH, pyrazinamide), acetaminophen, tetracycline, methyldopa
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|
||||
| show | peginterferon, ribavirin (v. interferon and lamivudine for Hep B)
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|
||||
| show | Wilson's (copper in liver); hemochromatosis, alpha anti-trypsin defic; Budd Chiari (occlusion IVC or hepatic veins)
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|
||||
| show | occlusion of IVC or hep veins leads to congested liver; assoc w polycythemic vera, preg, and hepato cell cancer
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|
||||
| describe alpha anti-trypsin defic--pathophysiol, clinical picture | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | (aka bronze DM) phlebotomy and deferoxamine
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|
||||
| path signs of Wilsons | show 🗑
|
||||
| pathophysiol of Wilsons | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | decrsd ceruloplasmin, tx w penicillamine
🗑
|
||||
| show | cirrhosis of liver, bronzed skin (bronzed DM), DM due to pancreatic islet cell failure, cardiomyopathy, arthritis (Fe deposition in joints)
🗑
|
||||
| define Dubin Johnson; what findings? | show 🗑
|
||||
| define Rotor's syndrome; what findings? | show 🗑
|
||||
| what are lab findings indicating cholestasis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1) overproduction (hemolytic anemia), 2) defective conjugation (Gilbert, Crigler-Najar)
🗑
|
||||
| define Gilbert's syndrome; what findings? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | problem UDP glucuronyltrxs conjugating bili; type I die in first yrs, type II not as bad, tx phenobarbital
🗑
|
||||
| show | conjugated
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|
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Popular Midwifery sets