Sociology Chapter 7
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| Define Stratification | the division of people via social economic layers (or stratas)
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| What are the 3 systems of stratification? | Slavery, Caste, Class
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| Define Caste & explain how they are based? | Caste is a system in which ones social class is set for life based upon status at birth. Castes are based economically.
Based:
1.) determined at birth
2.) hierarchy is maintained through marriage
3.) cultural beliefs preserve these roles.
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| What are Varnas? And provide the 5 categories. | Varnas are the collective name of 4 major castes
1.) Brahmins - leaders
2.) Ksyatriyas - soldiers
3.) Vaisyays - farmers
4.) Shudras - laborers
5.) Dalits - oppressed untouchable people
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| What are the 5 consequences of Social Class? Give explanations as well. | 1.) Family - pressure to marry someone of your families liking.
2.) Education - higher education higher social class
3.) Health - lack health insurance.
4.) Technology - do not know how to use tech for job.
5.) Social life - vacations
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| Define Intergenerational | Your parents are unemployed but you get a job. Children are relative to their parents
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| Define Intragenerational | Mobility within a working life, advancing in career field
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| Differ Absolute Poverty and Relative Poverty | Absolute -> lack basic resources to maintain healthy existence.
Relative - poor compared to the standards of living for the majority.
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| What is the current Poverty level? | Family of 4 living on less than $22,050 annually. 1 in 7 Americans are currently living in poverty.
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| How is the poverty line calculated? | The government calculates that this line is equal to 3 times the cost of a nutritionally adequate diet with no frills.
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| How are Children affected in poverty? | They are more likely to live in poverty, their unable to work. Poverty is much greater on minority children because it is harder for their parents to get work.
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| Define the Culture of Poverty | developed by Oscar Lewis. It's the theory that poverty is not a result of individual set backs but is instead the outcome of a larger social atmosphere. Refers to values, and habits that are common among people living under these conditions.
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| What is the disproportion of the poor in relation to gender, age and race? | Race -> Racial minorities are more likely to be poor.
Gender -> increase of divorce and in single women having children.
Age -> unable to work
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| Define the Feminization of Poverty | an increase in the proportion of the poor who are female. Growing trend of more and more women living in poverty.
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| Define Life Chances | Developed by Weber, its your access to goods and services that aid in your survival and achieving economic prosperity.
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| What are 3 affects of Social Exclusions? | 1.) cut off from involvement in wider society
2.) may be defined opportunities for self betterment
3.) Homeless - most extreme example.
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| Define Marx theory on stratification | Modern societies are divide into those who own the means of production and those who sell their labor. Primary emphasis on Class. Objectively given characteristics of economics.
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| Define Weber theory of stratification | Accepted similar view to Marx. Distinguised another aspect of stratification being Status. Prestige is the esteem or "social honor" given to individuals or groups.
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| Davis and Moore's function of stratification | it has beneficial consequences for society. Certain positions are more important & require special skills. Only a limited number of people have the talent that can be trained.
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| Tumin's function of stratification | A particular role is difficult to measure and the rewards do not necessarily reflect their actual importance.
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| Define Social Mobility | the movement of individuals between different class positions as a result of changes in occupation, wealth or income
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| Define Exchange Mobility | an exchange of positions such that more talented people in each generation move up while the less talented move down.
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| Define Vertical Mobility | movement along the socioeconomic scale.
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