Endocrine System
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| aden/o | gland
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| adren/o, adrenal/o | adrenal gland
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| andr/o | male
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| crin/o | to secrete
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| dips/o | thirst
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| gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o | glucose (sugar)
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| hormon/o | hormone (an urging on)
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| keto/o, keton/o | ketone bodies
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| thym/o | thymus gland
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| thyr/o, thyroid/o | thyroid gland (shield)
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| adrenal glands, suprarenal glands | on superior surface of kidneys; adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and adrenal medulla secrete Epi and NE
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| glucocorticoids | reg carb metabolism and have anti-inflammatory effects; cortisol is most significant one
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| mineral corticosteroids | maintain salt and water balance
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| androgens | influence development and maintenance of male sex charact; ex facial hair, deep voice
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| catecholamines | hormone secreted by adrenal medulla that affect SNS in stress response
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| epinephrine | secreted in response to fear or physical injury
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| norepinephrine | secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress
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| ovaries | located on both sides of uterus in female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone
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| estrogen | resp for development of female secondary sex charact
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| progesterone | regulate uterine conditions during pregnancy
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| islets of Langerhans of the pancreas | endocrine tissue w/n the pancreas; secrete insulin and glucagon
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| insulin | secreted by beta cells for regulating metabolism of glucose
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| glucagon | secreted by alpha cells to regulate carb metabolism by raising blood sugar
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| parathyroid glands | two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete PTH
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| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | regulate calcium and phosphorous metabolism
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| pineal gland | located in center of brain; secrete melatonin and serotonin
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| melatonin | exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty
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| serotonin | NT that serves as precursor to melatonin
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| pituitary gland, hypophysis | located at base of brain; secrete hormones that reg function of other glands
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| anterior pituitary, adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of pituitary gland; secretes TSH, ACTH,FSH,LH, MSH, GH, and prolactin
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates secretion from thyroid gland
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
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| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and prod. of sperm in males
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| melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | affects skin pigmentation
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| luteinizing hormone (LH) | causes ovluation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; secrete testostosterone in testes
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| growth hormone (GH) | influences growth
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| prolactin, lactogenic hormone | stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
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| posterior pituitary, neurohypophysis | posterior lobe of pituitary gland; relates ADH and oxytocin
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | influences the absorption of water by kidneys tubules
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| oxytocin | influences uterine contraction
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| testes | located on both sides w/n scrotum in male; secrete testosterone
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| testosterone | affects masculinization and reproduction
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| thymus gland | located in mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin
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| thymosin | regulates immune response
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| thyroid gland | located in front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine(T3), thyroxine(T4), and calcitonin
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| triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) | known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism
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| calcitonin | regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
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| exophthalmos, exophthalmus | protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
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| glucosuria, glycosuria | glucose (sugar) in the urine
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| hirsutism | shaggy; excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places (bearded woman)
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| hypercalcemia | abnormally high level of calcium in blood
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| hypocalcemia | abnormally low level of calcium in blood
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| hyperkalemia | abnormally high level of potassium in blood
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| hypokalemia | deficient level of potassium in blood
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| hypersecretion | abnormally increased secretion
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| hyposecretion | abnormally decreased secretion
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| ketosis, ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) | abnormal amount ketone bodies in blood and urine indicating abnormal use of cabs, such as uncontrolled diabetes & starvation
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| metabolism | all chem process in body that result in growth, generation of energy, elim of waste, and other functions
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| polydipsia | excessive thirst
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| polyuria | excessive urination
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| Cushing syndrome | signs & Sx by excess cortisol; d/t excess prod by adrenal gland or side effect Tx w/ glucocorticoid/steroid hormones such as prednisone; Sx = upper body obesity, puffy face, hyperglycemia, weakness, thin/easily bruised skin w/ stria, HTN, and osteoporosis
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| adrenal virilism | excess adrenal secretion of androgen in adult women caused by tumor or hyperplasia; evid by amenorrhea, acne, hirsutism, deep voice
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| diabetes mellitus (DM) | metabolic disorder caused by absence/insufficient prod insulin secreted by pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria
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| Type 1 DM | no beta-cell prod of insulin, patient dependent on insulin for survival
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| Type 2 DM | body prod insuff insulin or insulin resistance; patient usually not insulin dependent
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| hyperinsulinism | cond resulting from excessive amt insulin in blood that draws sugar out of bloodstream, results in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; caused by overdose or by tumor of pancreas
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| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas
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| hyperparathyroidism | hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually cuased by tumor
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| hypoparathyroidism | hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
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| acromegaly | charact by enlarged features, especially of face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of pituitary GH after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often pituitary tumor
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| pituitary dwarfism | cond of congenital hyposecretion of GH that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature; often treated during childhood w/ GH; other forms of dwarfism most often caused by genetic defects
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| pituitary gigantism | cond of hypersecretion of GH during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth, esp. long bones; most often caused by pituitary tumor
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| goiter | enlargement of thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in diet, or inflammation
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| hyperthyroidism | cond of hypersecretion of thyroid gland charact by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, exophthamos, goiter, etc.
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| Graves disease | most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by autoimmune defect that creates Ab that stimulate overprod. of thyroid hormones; exophthalmos featured charact.
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| hypothyroidism | cond of hyposecretion of thyroid hormone; result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity
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| myxedema | advanced hypothyroidism in adults charact by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness of hands and face, and dry skin
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| cretinism | cond of congenital hypothyroidism in children that result in lack of mental development and dwarf physical stature; thyroid gland either absent at birth or imperfectly developed
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| blood sugar (BS), blood glucose | meas. of sugar level (glucose) in blood
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| fasting blood sugar (FBS) | meas. of blood sugar level after fasting for 12 hours
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| postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) | meas. of blood sugar level after meal
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| glucose tolerance test (GTT) | meas. of body's ability to metabolize carbs by admin. prescribed amt of glucose after fasting period, then meas. blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4-6 hrs
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| glycohemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) | a molecule in hemoglobin, level of which rises in blood as result of an increased level of blood sugar; common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes
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| electrolyte panel | meas. of level of specific ions (Na, K, Cl, HCO3 via CO2) in blood; electrolytes essential for water bal
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| thyroid function study | meas. of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determ efficiency of glandular secreations T3, T4, and TSH
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| urine sugar and ketone studies | chem test to determ presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as screen for diabetes
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| computed tomography (CT) | CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse (horizontal) view of pituitary gland
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and thyroid glands
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| sonography | sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as w/ thyroid ultrasound
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| thyroid uptake and image | radionuclide (nuclear medicine) scan of thyroid to visualize the radioactive accum of previously inj isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
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| adrenalectomy | excision of the adrenal glands
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| hypophysectomy | excision of the pituitary gland
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| pancreatectomy | excision of the pancreas
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| parathyroidectomy | excision of the parathyroid glands
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| thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland
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| thyroidectomy | excision of the thyroid gland
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| continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)/ insulin pump therapy | use of insulin delivery device worn on body (usually abdomen) and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to individual needs of diabetic patients
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| radioiodine therapy | use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as eradicate thyroid tumor cells, Tx admin in a nuclear medicine facility
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| antidiabetic drug | any of several agents used to control blood sugar levels in treatment of diabetes mellitus
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| antithyroid drug | an agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism
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| hormone replacement therapy (HRT) | treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency (e.g. estrogen, testosterone, and thyroid)
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| hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | a drug that lowers the blood glucose (e.g. insulin)
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