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Med Term Chapter 9
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aden/o | gland |
| adren/o, adrenal/o | adrenal gland |
| andr/o | male |
| crin/o | to secrete |
| dips/o | thirst |
| gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o | glucose (sugar) |
| hormon/o | hormone (an urging on) |
| keto/o, keton/o | ketone bodies |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| thyr/o, thyroid/o | thyroid gland (shield) |
| adrenal glands, suprarenal glands | on superior surface of kidneys; adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and adrenal medulla secrete Epi and NE |
| glucocorticoids | reg carb metabolism and have anti-inflammatory effects; cortisol is most significant one |
| mineral corticosteroids | maintain salt and water balance |
| androgens | influence development and maintenance of male sex charact; ex facial hair, deep voice |
| catecholamines | hormone secreted by adrenal medulla that affect SNS in stress response |
| epinephrine | secreted in response to fear or physical injury |
| norepinephrine | secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress |
| ovaries | located on both sides of uterus in female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone |
| estrogen | resp for development of female secondary sex charact |
| progesterone | regulate uterine conditions during pregnancy |
| islets of Langerhans of the pancreas | endocrine tissue w/n the pancreas; secrete insulin and glucagon |
| insulin | secreted by beta cells for regulating metabolism of glucose |
| glucagon | secreted by alpha cells to regulate carb metabolism by raising blood sugar |
| parathyroid glands | two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete PTH |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | regulate calcium and phosphorous metabolism |
| pineal gland | located in center of brain; secrete melatonin and serotonin |
| melatonin | exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty |
| serotonin | NT that serves as precursor to melatonin |
| pituitary gland, hypophysis | located at base of brain; secrete hormones that reg function of other glands |
| anterior pituitary, adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of pituitary gland; secretes TSH, ACTH,FSH,LH, MSH, GH, and prolactin |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates secretion from thyroid gland |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and prod. of sperm in males |
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | affects skin pigmentation |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | causes ovluation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; secrete testostosterone in testes |
| growth hormone (GH) | influences growth |
| prolactin, lactogenic hormone | stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy |
| posterior pituitary, neurohypophysis | posterior lobe of pituitary gland; relates ADH and oxytocin |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | influences the absorption of water by kidneys tubules |
| oxytocin | influences uterine contraction |
| testes | located on both sides w/n scrotum in male; secrete testosterone |
| testosterone | affects masculinization and reproduction |
| thymus gland | located in mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin |
| thymosin | regulates immune response |
| thyroid gland | located in front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine(T3), thyroxine(T4), and calcitonin |
| triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) | known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism |
| calcitonin | regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
| exophthalmos, exophthalmus | protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball |
| glucosuria, glycosuria | glucose (sugar) in the urine |
| hirsutism | shaggy; excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places (bearded woman) |
| hypercalcemia | abnormally high level of calcium in blood |
| hypocalcemia | abnormally low level of calcium in blood |
| hyperkalemia | abnormally high level of potassium in blood |
| hypokalemia | deficient level of potassium in blood |
| hypersecretion | abnormally increased secretion |
| hyposecretion | abnormally decreased secretion |
| ketosis, ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) | abnormal amount ketone bodies in blood and urine indicating abnormal use of cabs, such as uncontrolled diabetes & starvation |
| metabolism | all chem process in body that result in growth, generation of energy, elim of waste, and other functions |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| polyuria | excessive urination |
| Cushing syndrome | signs & Sx by excess cortisol; d/t excess prod by adrenal gland or side effect Tx w/ glucocorticoid/steroid hormones such as prednisone; Sx = upper body obesity, puffy face, hyperglycemia, weakness, thin/easily bruised skin w/ stria, HTN, and osteoporosis |
| adrenal virilism | excess adrenal secretion of androgen in adult women caused by tumor or hyperplasia; evid by amenorrhea, acne, hirsutism, deep voice |
| diabetes mellitus (DM) | metabolic disorder caused by absence/insufficient prod insulin secreted by pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria |
| Type 1 DM | no beta-cell prod of insulin, patient dependent on insulin for survival |
| Type 2 DM | body prod insuff insulin or insulin resistance; patient usually not insulin dependent |
| hyperinsulinism | cond resulting from excessive amt insulin in blood that draws sugar out of bloodstream, results in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; caused by overdose or by tumor of pancreas |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| hyperparathyroidism | hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually cuased by tumor |
| hypoparathyroidism | hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands |
| acromegaly | charact by enlarged features, especially of face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of pituitary GH after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often pituitary tumor |
| pituitary dwarfism | cond of congenital hyposecretion of GH that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature; often treated during childhood w/ GH; other forms of dwarfism most often caused by genetic defects |
| pituitary gigantism | cond of hypersecretion of GH during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth, esp. long bones; most often caused by pituitary tumor |
| goiter | enlargement of thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in diet, or inflammation |
| hyperthyroidism | cond of hypersecretion of thyroid gland charact by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, exophthamos, goiter, etc. |
| Graves disease | most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by autoimmune defect that creates Ab that stimulate overprod. of thyroid hormones; exophthalmos featured charact. |
| hypothyroidism | cond of hyposecretion of thyroid hormone; result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity |
| myxedema | advanced hypothyroidism in adults charact by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness of hands and face, and dry skin |
| cretinism | cond of congenital hypothyroidism in children that result in lack of mental development and dwarf physical stature; thyroid gland either absent at birth or imperfectly developed |
| blood sugar (BS), blood glucose | meas. of sugar level (glucose) in blood |
| fasting blood sugar (FBS) | meas. of blood sugar level after fasting for 12 hours |
| postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) | meas. of blood sugar level after meal |
| glucose tolerance test (GTT) | meas. of body's ability to metabolize carbs by admin. prescribed amt of glucose after fasting period, then meas. blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4-6 hrs |
| glycohemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) | a molecule in hemoglobin, level of which rises in blood as result of an increased level of blood sugar; common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes |
| electrolyte panel | meas. of level of specific ions (Na, K, Cl, HCO3 via CO2) in blood; electrolytes essential for water bal |
| thyroid function study | meas. of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determ efficiency of glandular secreations T3, T4, and TSH |
| urine sugar and ketone studies | chem test to determ presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as screen for diabetes |
| computed tomography (CT) | CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse (horizontal) view of pituitary gland |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and thyroid glands |
| sonography | sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as w/ thyroid ultrasound |
| thyroid uptake and image | radionuclide (nuclear medicine) scan of thyroid to visualize the radioactive accum of previously inj isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors |
| adrenalectomy | excision of the adrenal glands |
| hypophysectomy | excision of the pituitary gland |
| pancreatectomy | excision of the pancreas |
| parathyroidectomy | excision of the parathyroid glands |
| thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland |
| thyroidectomy | excision of the thyroid gland |
| continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)/ insulin pump therapy | use of insulin delivery device worn on body (usually abdomen) and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to individual needs of diabetic patients |
| radioiodine therapy | use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as eradicate thyroid tumor cells, Tx admin in a nuclear medicine facility |
| antidiabetic drug | any of several agents used to control blood sugar levels in treatment of diabetes mellitus |
| antithyroid drug | an agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism |
| hormone replacement therapy (HRT) | treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency (e.g. estrogen, testosterone, and thyroid) |
| hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | a drug that lowers the blood glucose (e.g. insulin) |
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