LU Kozier Notes
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| normal urinary output | 1500-2000 mL each day, normally voiding 5-6 times a day. 30 mL an hour or less is reportable
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| Normal bladder capacity | 300-600 mL of Urine
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| micturation | (aka voiding and urination) process of emptying the bladder
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| enuresis | involuntary passing of urine (in children generally)
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| nocturnal enuresis | bed wetting
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| nocturnal frequency | elders needing to void during the night more
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| Factors affecting voiding | development, psychosocial, intake, meds, muscle tone, pathology (heart and circulatory disorders), surgical and diagnostic procedures
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| diuretics | increase urine formation by preventing the reabsorption of water and electrolytes from the tubules of the kidney into the bloodstream
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| polyuria | (aka diuresis) abnormally large amounts of urine
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| polydipsia | excessive fluid intake
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| oliguria | low urine output (less than 500mL a day or 30 mL an hour)
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| anuria | lack of urine production
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| dialysis | a technique by which fluids and molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane according to the rules of osmosis for filtering(hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis)
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| urinary frequency | voiding at frequent intervals, more than 4 to 6 times per day
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| nocturia | voiding two or more times a night
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| urgency | sudden strong desire to void
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| dysuria | voiding that is painful or difficult
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| urinary hesitancy | a delay and difficulty in initiating voiding
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| urinary incontinence | involuntary urination, symptom not disease
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| Types of urinary incontinence | acute, or chronic (stress, urge, reflex, retention with overflow, and functional incontinence)
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| urinary retention | emptying of the bladder is impaired, urine accumulates and doesn't drain properly
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| neurogenic bladder | impaired neurological function, prevents the perception of bladder fullness and ability to control urinary sphincters
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| normal urine pH | 4.5-8
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| specific gravity | 1.010-1.025
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| residual urine | urine remaining in the bladder following voiding
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| BUN | blood urea nitrogen, measuring the end product of protein metabolism. used to evaluate renal function
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| Creatinine clearance | uses 24 hour urine or serum creatinine to determine if glomerular filtration is working. used to evaluate renal function
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| UTI | most common type of nosocomial infection found in long term care facility. Prevention: 8 glasses of water, frequent voiding, avoid bubble bath, harsh soap etc, avoid tight fitting pants, cotton undergarments, wipe front to back, showers instead of baths
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| bladder training | postpone voiding, resist or inhibit sensation of urgency and void on a schedule rather than by urge
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| habit training | timed or scheduled toileting, but no delay if the urge occurs
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| prompted voiding | reminding a patient to void
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| kegel exercises | strengthen pelvic floor muscles
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| crede's maneuver | manual pressure on bladder to promote emptying
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| inserting catheter | sterile procedure, lube 1-2 in female (6-7 for male), cleanse (female front to back x3, male circular motion), slow deep breath insert as they exhale, 2 inches past urine flow, inflate balloon
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| measuring output | patient may do if able, accurate measure important
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| Assessment of Caths | no kinks, no tension, gravity drainage, closed, observe flow every 2-3 hours
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| suprapubic catheter | inserted surgically through abdominal wall above symphisis pubis into bladder, care of site is sterile
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