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Urinary System 102
LU Kozier Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| normal urinary output | 1500-2000 mL each day, normally voiding 5-6 times a day. 30 mL an hour or less is reportable |
| Normal bladder capacity | 300-600 mL of Urine |
| micturation | (aka voiding and urination) process of emptying the bladder |
| enuresis | involuntary passing of urine (in children generally) |
| nocturnal enuresis | bed wetting |
| nocturnal frequency | elders needing to void during the night more |
| Factors affecting voiding | development, psychosocial, intake, meds, muscle tone, pathology (heart and circulatory disorders), surgical and diagnostic procedures |
| diuretics | increase urine formation by preventing the reabsorption of water and electrolytes from the tubules of the kidney into the bloodstream |
| polyuria | (aka diuresis) abnormally large amounts of urine |
| polydipsia | excessive fluid intake |
| oliguria | low urine output (less than 500mL a day or 30 mL an hour) |
| anuria | lack of urine production |
| dialysis | a technique by which fluids and molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane according to the rules of osmosis for filtering(hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) |
| urinary frequency | voiding at frequent intervals, more than 4 to 6 times per day |
| nocturia | voiding two or more times a night |
| urgency | sudden strong desire to void |
| dysuria | voiding that is painful or difficult |
| urinary hesitancy | a delay and difficulty in initiating voiding |
| urinary incontinence | involuntary urination, symptom not disease |
| Types of urinary incontinence | acute, or chronic (stress, urge, reflex, retention with overflow, and functional incontinence) |
| urinary retention | emptying of the bladder is impaired, urine accumulates and doesn't drain properly |
| neurogenic bladder | impaired neurological function, prevents the perception of bladder fullness and ability to control urinary sphincters |
| normal urine pH | 4.5-8 |
| specific gravity | 1.010-1.025 |
| residual urine | urine remaining in the bladder following voiding |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen, measuring the end product of protein metabolism. used to evaluate renal function |
| Creatinine clearance | uses 24 hour urine or serum creatinine to determine if glomerular filtration is working. used to evaluate renal function |
| UTI | most common type of nosocomial infection found in long term care facility. Prevention: 8 glasses of water, frequent voiding, avoid bubble bath, harsh soap etc, avoid tight fitting pants, cotton undergarments, wipe front to back, showers instead of baths |
| bladder training | postpone voiding, resist or inhibit sensation of urgency and void on a schedule rather than by urge |
| habit training | timed or scheduled toileting, but no delay if the urge occurs |
| prompted voiding | reminding a patient to void |
| kegel exercises | strengthen pelvic floor muscles |
| crede's maneuver | manual pressure on bladder to promote emptying |
| inserting catheter | sterile procedure, lube 1-2 in female (6-7 for male), cleanse (female front to back x3, male circular motion), slow deep breath insert as they exhale, 2 inches past urine flow, inflate balloon |
| measuring output | patient may do if able, accurate measure important |
| Assessment of Caths | no kinks, no tension, gravity drainage, closed, observe flow every 2-3 hours |
| suprapubic catheter | inserted surgically through abdominal wall above symphisis pubis into bladder, care of site is sterile |
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582303342
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