Midterm 2
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| What is sensation? | Process of receiving information about the external and internal world
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| What is perception? | To impose meaningful interpretations on the information sensation provides
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| Wavelength of light energy is the perception of: | Hue (colour)
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| Amplitude of light energy is the perception of: | Brightness (intensity)
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| Purity of light energy is the perception of: | Saturation
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| Nearsightedness: | Can see close things (focus point in front of retina)
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| Farsightedness: | Can see far things (focus point behind retina)
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| Rods: | Sensitive to light. Responsible for poor lighting conditions and peripheral vision. Not sensitive to colour.
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| Cones: | Sensitive to colour. Responsible for vision in good lighting conditions and focus vision at the center of the visual field.
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| Amount of light determines rate of firing in: (These cells send this info on to the brain) | Ganglion cells
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| Colour blindness is: | A genetic variation that leads one or more of the three cone types to be missing.
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| Most common colour blindness is: | Distinguishing red from green
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| Opponent-Process Cells | Increase firing rate when exposed to wavelength for one colour but decrease firing rate when exposed to wavelength of a different colour
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| Bottom-Up Processing | 1. Detect specific features of stimulus
2. Combine specific features into more complex forms
3. Recognize stimulus
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| Top-Down Processing | 1. Formulate perceptual hypothesis about the nature of the stimulus as a whole
2. Select and examine features to check hypothesis
3. Recognize stimulus
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| Depth perception: | Image projected on retina is 2D, perception is 3D (illusion created by brain)
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| Convergence | Binocular. Eyes point more inward to bring close objects into focus
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| Retinal Disparity | Binocular. Difference in the perceived separation of two objects by the left and the right eye
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| Interposition | Monocular. Closer things obscure farther things
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| Linear Perspective | Monocular. Parallel lines are perceived as closer together when farther away
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| Motion Parallax | Monocular. When one is moving, far objects appear to move more slowly than near objects
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| Texture Gradient | Monocular. Objects seem more clustered together if farther away
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| Relative Size | Monocular. Objects that project a smaller image on the retina seem farther away
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| Relative Clarity | Monocular. Far objects will be perceived as more blurry than close objects
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| Shape Constancy | Viewing angle changes the shape of an object's image on the retina but we don't perceive its shape as changing
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| Location Constancy | As we move, location of the retinal image an object projects changes, but we don't perceive changes in its location
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| Size Constancy | An object's retinal image gets smaller as it moves farther away but we don't perceive object as getting smaller
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| Brightness Constancy | Amount of light reflected by an object changes constantly with the amount of light in the environment, but we don't perceive in object brightness
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| Colour Constancy | Wavelength of light projected by an object changes with the amount of light "out there" but we don't perceive the object as changing in colour
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| Amplitude of sound waves is the perception of: | Loudness
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| Frequency of sound waves is the perception of: | Pitch
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| Complexity of sound waves is the perception of: | Timbre
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| Pinna: | Helps tunnel sounds into ear
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| Eardrum: | Vibrates three bones (stirrup, anvil, hammer) with same amplitude and frequency
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| Cochlea: | Contains cilia that sit on top of basilar membrane.
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| Inner Ear to Brain: | Cilia press against membrane initiating signals about sound frequency and amplitude to be sent to the brain via the auditory nerve
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| Taste receptors are in: | The taste buds which are in the Papillae on the tongue
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| Basic tastes are: | Salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umami
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| Factors that determine taste: (4) | 1. Unique combination of basic tastes
2. Temperature
3. Texture
4. Smell
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| Smell goes to brain via: | The olfactory nerve. (Sent to the brain's olfactory bulb)
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