Pharmacy Physiology
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| two divisions of the nervous system | CNS
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| PNS composed of to types of neurons | afferent & efferent
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| Afferent neurons | input signals to the CNS (affect what will happen next)
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| Efferent neurons | output signals to periphery (effecting change – movement, secrestion, etc.)
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| PNS divided into | Somatic and autonomic nervous system
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| Somatic nervous system controls | skeletal muscle
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| Autonomic nervous system | has two branches; sympathetic and parasympathetic
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| Sympathetic controls | emergency branch
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| Parasympathetic controls | rest and digest branch
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| Dendrites | receive information typically from neurotransmitters
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| Dendrites undergo | graded potentials
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| Axons undergo | action potentials to deliver information, typically neurotransmitters from xaon terminals
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| Which neurons conduct action potentials most rapidly | myelinated neurons
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| Myelin sheath is collection of | Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes that are closely associated with the neuron
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| Neuronal pathways include | presynaptic, postsynaptic, and interneuronal
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| All interneurons are located in the | CNS
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| This describes what: Transmit information into the central nervous system from receptors at their peripheral endings | Afferent Neurons
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| This describes what: Cell body and the long peripheral process of the axon are in the peripheral nervous stem; only the short central process of the axon eneters the central nervous system | Afferent neurons
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| This describes what: Have not dendrites (do not receive inputs from other neurons) | Afferent neurons
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| What type of neuron are the Primary Sensory Neurons (DRG) | Afferent neurons
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| Spinal and cranial nerve sensory fibers are | afferent neurons
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| Sensory receptors don’t have this neural cell component | dendrites
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| Sensory receptors are an example of this neuron | afferent neuron
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| This describes what: Transmit information out of the central nervous system to effector cells, particularly muscles, glands, or other neurons | Effector neurons
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| This describes what: Cell body, dendrites, and a small segment of the axon are in the central nervous system | effector neurons
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| This describes what: most of the axon is in the peripheral nervous system | efferent neurons
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| This describes what which class of neuron: motor (upper/lower) neurons | efferent neurons
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| This describes which class of neurons: spinal/cranial nerves | efferent neurons
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| This describes what: Function as integrators and signal changers | interneurons
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| This describes what: integrate groups of afferent and efferent neurons into reflex circuits | interneurons
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| This describes what: lie entirely within the central nervous system | interneurons
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| This describes what: Acount for 99% of all neurons | interneurons
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| This describes what: CNS integration pathways (sensory/motor) | interneurons
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| The class of neurons respond to afferent pathways | Interneurons
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| What deliver information in toe form of neurotransmitters | Presynaptic membranes
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| What receives information because they have receptors for neurotransmitters | postsynaptic membranes
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| True or False: A singe neuron postsynaptic to one cell can be presynaptic to another cell | True
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| Potential difference | difference in electrical charge between two points
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| Like charges repulse each other; Unlike charges attracts is known as what | the electrostatic gradient principles
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| Membrane potential dexcribes | electrical difference between the fluid inside and outside the cell
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| Resting membrane potential has | uneven ion distribution; is cell dependent; “-“ intarcellular/extracellular environment; present in all cells (electrochemical gradient)
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| True/False: A large shell of charge difference is needed to establish a membrane potential | False
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| Equilibrium Potential of an ion reflects | Transmembrane concentration; no net movement; equal PD forces.
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| Establishment of the resting membrane potential is established by which pump | Na+/K+ pump
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| The pump uses up to __% of the ATP produced by the cell | 40%
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| The intracellular portion is positive or negative | negative
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| The extracellular portion is positive or negative | postitive
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| Decreasing the ATP increases or decreases the membrane potential | decreases (less negative)
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| True/False: The Na+/K+ pump does not require ATP | False
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| Each ATP is hydrolyzed to operate the ion pump and allows __ Na+ to __ and __ K+ to __ the cell | 3 Na+ to exit and 2 K+ to enter the cell
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| Depolarization occurs when | ion movement reduces the charge imbalance
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| Depolarization results in active or passive loss of energy | passive
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| Depolarization is a movement in membrane potential toward positive or negative | positive
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| Overshoot refers to | the development of a charge reversal
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| Repolarizing is movement | back toward the resting potential
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| Repolarization is active or passive | active (requires ATP)
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| Hyperpolarization is | the development of even more negative charge inside the cell
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| Why does hyperpolarization occur | because it takes time to stop repolarizing
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| Resting Potential is around __ | -70 mV
Potential = potential difference definition
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| Membrane potential = transmembrane potential | the voltage difference between the inside and the outside of a cell
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| Equilibrium potential | the voltage difference across a membrane that produces a flux of a given ion species that is equal but opposite to the flux due to the concentration gradient of tha same ion species
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| Resting membrane potential = resting potential | the steady transmembrane potential of a cell that is not producing an electric signal
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| Graded potential | A potential change of variable amplitude and duration that is conducted decrementally
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| What has no threshold or refractory period | Graded potential
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| What has a threshold and refractory period | Action potential
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| Action potential | a brief all-or-none depolarization of the membrane, reversing polarity in neurons
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| Synaptic potential | A graded potential change produced in the postsynaptic neuron in response to the release of a neurotransmitter by a presynaptic terminal
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| What potential may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing | Synaptic potential
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| Receptor potential | a graded potential produced at the peripheral ending of afferent neurons (or in separate receptor cells) in response to a stimulus
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| Pacemaker potential | a spontaneously occurring graded potential change tha occurs in certain specialized cells
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| Threshold potential | membrane potential at which an action potential is initiated
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| True/False: Graded potential size is propotianate to the intensity of the stimulus | True
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| Can graded potentials be Excitatory, Inhibitory | Both Exitatory or Inhibitory
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| Excitatory responses have the action potential more or less likely | more
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| Inhibitory responses have the action potential more or less likely | less
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| True/False: The size of a graded potential proportional to the size of the stimulus | True
Graded potentials include
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| Action or graded potentials have a threshold | Action
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| Action or graded potentials have no decremental propagation | Action
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| Action or graded potentials exhibit an all or none phenomenon | Action
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| Which voltage gate, Na or K opens faster | Na
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| Action or Graded potentials decay as they move over a distance | Graded
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| Which voltage gate leads to the repolarization after hyperpolarization | K
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| True/False: The amplitude of a gnereated action potential is constant in any neuron type | True
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| Threshold stimulus allows | inward movement of “+” charges
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| Acton potentials require | suprathreshold stimulus; Na influx > K efflux
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| True/False: The propagation of the action potential from the dendritic to the axon-terminal end typically one-way | True
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| Why is the action potential propagation typically one-way | because the absolute refractory period follows along in the “wake” of the moving action potential
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| Saltatorial Conduction | Action potentials jump from one node to the next as they propagate along a myelinated axon
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| Why do action potentials move rapidly along myelinated axons | because only the parts of the neuronal membrane that undergo ion movements are the sections at the Nodes of Ranvier.
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| Action potentials travel faster in | large myelinated fibers
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| What has the amplitude vary with donditions of the initiating event | Graded Potential
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| What potential can be summed | Graded Potential
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| What potential’s duration varies with initiating conditions | Graded Potential
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| What potential can be a depolarization | Graded or Action Potential
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| What potential can be a hyperpolarization | Graded Potential
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| What potential can be initiated by environmental stimulus, by neurotransmitter, or spontaneously | Graded Potential
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| What potential’s mechanism depends on ligand-sensitive channes or other chemical or physical changes | Graded Potential
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| What potential cannot be summed | Action Potential
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| What potential has a threshold that is usually about 15mV depolarized relative to the resting potential | Action Potential
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| What potential has a refractory period | Action Potential
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| What potential is conducted without decrement | Action potential
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| What potential has the depolarization amplified to a constant value at each point along the membrane | Action potential
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| What potential has a duration that is constant for a given cell type under constant conditions | Action potential
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| What potential is only a depolarization | Action Potential
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| What potential is initiated by a graded potential | Action potential
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| What potential depends on voltage-gated channels | Action potential
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| Four primary neurons communicate to one secondary neuron is an example of | Convergence
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| One primary neuron communicates to four secondary neurons is an example of | Divergence
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| __ is the point of communication between two neurons that operate sequentially | the synapse
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| Int the axon terminal, the neurotransmitters empty into the | synaptic cleft
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| Neurotransmitters bid to the receptors on what after being deposited to the synaptic cleft | postsynaptic cell (typically a dendrite)
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| C++ channels are opened by | Action potentials propogated from Na and K voltage-gated channels
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| Ca++ influx triggers | neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft
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| Binding of neurotransmitters to receptor proteins in the postsynaptic membrane is linked to | an alteration in its ion permeability
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| An excitatory postsynaptic potential is a graded depolarization that moves the membrane potential | closer to the threshold for firing an action potential
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| An inhibitory postsynaptic potential is a graded hyperpolarization that moves the membrane potential | farther from the threshold for firing an action potential
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| Threshold refers to | the minimum graded depolarization that initiates the cyclic activity of the voltage-gated Na andK channesl resulting in the initiation of an action potential
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| True/False: the membrane potential of a real neuron typically undergoes many EPSPs and IPSPs | True
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| True/ False: The membrane can receive both excitatory and inhibitory input from the axon terminals that reach it constantly | True
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| Real neurons receive as many as __ terminals | 200,000
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| Motor neurons (UMN/LMN), parasympathetic, and pregangliotic sympathetic neuron terminals all utilize __ as a pre-synaptic neurotransmitter agent | ACH
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| True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includes release and degradation of the neurotransmitter inside the axon terminal | true
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| True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includes released and degradation of the neurotransmitter outside the axon terminal | False
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| True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includes increased neurotransmitter release into the synapse | True
True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includes prevention of neurotransmitter release into the synapse
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| True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includesinhibition of synthesis of the neurotransmitter | True
True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includes Increased reuptake of the neurotransmitter from the synapse
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| True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includes decreased reuptake of the neurotransmitter from the synapse | True
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| True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includes increased degradation of the neurotransmitter in the synapse | False
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| True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includes reduced degradation of the neurotransmitter in the synapse | True
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| True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includes reduced biochemical response inside the dendrite | True
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| True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includes increased biochemical response inside the dendrite | False
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: Availability of neurotransmitter | Presynaptic Factor
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: Availabity of precursor molecules | Presynaptic Factor
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: Amound of the rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway for the neurotransmitter synthesis | Presynaptic Factor
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: Axon terminal membrane potential | Presynaptic Factor
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: Axon terminal calcium | Presynaptic Factor
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: Activation of membrane receptors on presynaptic terminal | Presynaptic Factor
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: immediate past history of electrical stat of postsynaptic membrane | Postsynaptic Factors
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: effects of other neurotransmitters or neuromodulators acting on postsynaptic neuron | Postsynaptic Factor
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: Up- or down-regulation and desensitization of receptors | Postsynaptic factors
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: certain drugs and diseases | Postsynaptic factor
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: area of synaptic contact | general factor
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: Enzymatic destruction of neurotransmitter | General factor
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: Geometry of diffusion path | General factor
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| Pre/Post/ or general synaptic factor determine synaptic strength: Neurotransmitter reuptake | general factor
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| Examination of the laminated organization of neurons and other cells in the cerebral cortex reveals _ layers involved int eh integration of afferent and efferent signals | six
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| Name the fuctions of the limbic system | Learning; emotion; appetite (visceral function); sex; endocrine integration
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| Afferent neurons go through what part of the nerves | dorsal root ganglion
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| Efferent neurons go through what part of the nerves | ventral root
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| True/False: many systems receive “dual” innervations (both sypothetic and parasympathetic) | True
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| Is the following a location of reception for Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine and epinephrine: Nicotinic Receptors | Acetylcholine
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| Is the following a location of reception for Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine and epinephrine: Muscarinic receptors | Acetylcholine
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| Is the following a location of reception for Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine and epinephrine: On postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia | Acetylcholine
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| Is the following a location of reception for Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine and epinephrine: At neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles | Acetylcholine
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| Is the following a location of reception for Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine and epinephrine: On some central nervous system neurons | Acetylcholine and norepinephrine and epinephrine
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| Is the following a location of reception for Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine and epinephrine: On Smooth muscle | Acetylcholine and norepinephrine and epinephrine
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| Is the following a location of reception for Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine and epinephrine: On cardiac muscle | Acetylcholine and norepinephrine and epinephrine
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| Is the following a location of reception for Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine and epinephrine: On gland cells | Acetylcholine and norepinephrine and epinephrine
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| Is the following a location of reception for Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine and epinephrine: on some neurons of autonomic ganglia | Acetylcholine
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| __ depends on neural activity being specifically influenced by particular stimulus | Sensory transduction
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| True/False: All sensory receptors are responsive to physical or chemical environmental stimuli | True
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| True/False: All sensory receptors are responsive to Transduction of enery into electrical impulses | True
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| True/False: All sensory receptors are responsive to located at peripheral nerve ending or as specialized receptor cells | True
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| __ occurs when stimuli alter membrane potentials in specialized receptor cells | Sensory transduction
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| True/False: Receptor cells of sensory transduction consist of only afferent neurons | False (both afferent neurons and some which communicate with afferent neurons
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| Receptor adaptation results in | diminished AP propagation
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| A reduction in response (the number of action potentials) in response to the continuous presence of a stimulus is | Receptor Adaptation
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| What mechanism helps prevent sensory overload | receptor adaptation
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| Activity in a sensory unit is altered by | peripheral events
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| The number of action potentials generated by a senory afferent neuron is directly proportional to | stimulus intensity
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| If a stimulus occurs in an area of receptive field that has greater density of nerve indings, it is predicted the stimulus will generate a __ number of action potentials | greater
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| Overlapping stimulation between neighboring receptive fields provides | general information about the location of a stimulus
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| Sesory adaptation represents the __ influences of sensory cortex on primary sensory neuron stimulus sensitivity | negative feedback
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| CNS activity can screen out certain types of sensory information by | inhibiting neurons in the afferent pathway
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| Neural processing of specific sensory inputs via CNS pathways occurs at | specialized locations in the brain
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| What path contains Pain & Temperature conduction, with touch contributions | spinothalamic Tracts
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| Non-specific pathways provide background information about | touch and temperature from periphery
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| All ascending pathways except those involved in smell, synapse in the __ on their way to the cortex |
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| Ascending pathways are subject to | descending controls
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| Specific types of mechanosensory stimulation are transduced by | specific types of receptor cells
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| A tactile corpuscle that responds to light touch | Meissner’s corpuscle
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| A tactile corpuscle that responds to touch | Merkle’s corpuscles
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| Merkle receptor cells respond to | touch
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| Meissner receptor cells respond to | Light touch
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| Free nerve ending respond to | pain
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| Lamellated corpuscles that respond to deep pressure | Pacinian corpuscle
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| Ruffini corpuscles respond to | warmth
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| Pacinian corpuscles repond to | deep pressure.
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| CNS processes can reduce pain perception by | altering neural transmission
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| True/False: Afferent pain pathways differ from afferent non-pain pathways | True
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| Afferent Pain pathways heads up what part of the spinal cord | anterolater column
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| Non-pain afferent pathways travel up | dorsal column of spinal cord
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| True/False: The Dorsal column system has signals transfer through the brainstem nucleus | True
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| True/False: The anterolateral system has signals that transfer through the brainstem nucleus | False
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| True/False: The Anterolateral and dorsal afferent pathways both stop in the thalamus of the brain | True
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| Fovea cluster is part of what sense | vision (they’re the rods)
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| Retinal distrbutuion refers to | cones
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| Hair receptors are found on | basilar membrane
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| Hair receptors respond to vibratory frequency changes through | endolymph fluids
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| Taste is passed along through what chemoreceptors | filliform and folate
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| True/False: Graded Potentials do not decay over distance | False
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| True/False: Possible drug effects on synaptic effectiveness includes agonsists or antagonists can occupy the receptors | True
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