Sensation Perception Unit; AP Psych
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| gestalt | how people integrate and organize perceptual information into meaningful wholes.
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| Weber's Law | Just noticeable difference in stimulus is proportional to magnitude of original
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| phi phenomenon | lights next to each other blinking on and off in succession appear to actually move.
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| Feature Detectors | ability to detect certain types of stimuli, like movements, shape, and angles, requires specialized cells in the brain called feature detectors.
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| Relative Motion Parallax | apparent relative motion of several stationary objects against a background
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| visual cliff | test given to infants to see if they have developed depth perception.
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| vestibular sense | system for sensing body orientation and balance
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| top-down processing | previous experience effect how perceived obj is interpreted
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| bottom-up processing | depend primarily on brain's reception of stimulus info from sensory receptors
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| difference threshold | known as the just noticeable difference (jnd), is the minimum difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time
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| absolute threshold | smallest intensity of a stimulus that has to be present for the stimulus to be detected.
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| distal stimulus | stimulus of an obj as it actually exists in the real world
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| proximal stimulus | physical stimulation that is available to be measured by an observer's sensory apparatus
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| conduction hearing loss | caused by damage to mechanical system that sends sound waves to cochlea
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| sensorineural hearing loss | due to failure of auditory nerve
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| perceptual constancy | perceived objects tend to give rise to very similar perceptual experiences
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| perceptual adaptation | ability of the body to adapt to an environment by filtering out distractions.
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| frequency theory | relates perceived pitch to frequency of incoming sound waves and frequency of firing the auditory nerve
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| place theory | perception of sound and depends on where each frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane
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| lens | transparent structure behind pupil, changes shape when focusing
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| retina | light sensitive surface with cells that convert light energy to nerve impulses
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| rods | in retina; visual receptor cells that detect black and white
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| cones | in retina; visual receptor cells that detect sharp images and colors
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| fovea | vision is best here, center of retina
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| middle ear | between eardrum and cochlea containing hammer anvil and stirrup
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| inner ear | innermost part; contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
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| cochlea | coild, bony, fluid filled, tube in inner ear
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| color constancy | the context in which an object we are viewing appears in influences the way we perceive the color of that object
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| visual capture | tendency to allow visual images to dominate our perception
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| perceptual set | mental predisposition
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| opponent process theory | color is processed in opponent pairs; red+green yellow+blue Black+white
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| parallel processing | ability to carry out multiple tasks simultaneously
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| optic nerve | nerve that carries visual info from eye to occipital lobe
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| wavelength | distance between 2 points in the same phase in consecutive cycles of a wave
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| transduction | process of converting one for of energy to another
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| sensory adaptation | change over time in responsiveness of sensory system to constant stimulus
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| signal detection theory | quantify ability to discern between signal and noise
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| perception | process of attaining or understanding of sensory info
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| sensation | awareness of stimulation
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| psychophysics | addresses the relationship between psychological experiences and physical energy.
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| subliminal | below the threshold of conscious perception
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| hue | aspect of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.
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| intensity | amount of energy transmitted
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| pupil | contractile black dot in center of iris
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| iris | controls size of pupil, determines eye color
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| accommodation | adjustment
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| acuity | sharpness of vision
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| farsightedness | ability to see farther away
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| nearsightedness | ability to see nearer
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| blind spot | no rods of cones here; where optic nerve travels through retina
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| frequency | hertz (Hz)
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| pitch | sounds highness or lowness
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| gate control theory | spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks or allows pain signals to pass
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| kinesthesis | system for sensing position and movement of individual body parts
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| selective attention | focus on one thing ignoring the rest
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| figure ground | differentiation between foreground and background of a scene
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| grouping | classifying
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| depth perception | visual ability to perceive the world in 3D
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| binocular cues | visual cues that require use of both eyes
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| monocular cues | visual cues that requires the use of one eye
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| retinal disparity | sensation of depth from 2 slightly different projections onto retinas of 2 eyes
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| pheremones | chemical secretion that triggers a social response to members of the same species
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| extrasensory perception | apparent power to perceive things that are not present to senses *branch off of parapsychology
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| parapsychology | psychic phenomena
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| human factors psychology | focuses on a range of different topics, including ergonomics, workplace, safety, human error, etc.
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| convergence | when your eyes move closer together as something becomes nearer to your face
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| sensory interaction | interaction of the senses to each other and how they effect/influence each other
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| audition | perceptive deafness; nerve hearing loss.
caused by damage to cochlea's receptor cells, the auditory nerve, a problem in the hair cells, or cortical neurons. *causes: tumors, skull injuries, poisons, birth control
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| young helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory | cones are "tuned" to be sensitive to red, green, and blue light. all colors we see are combinations of these. similar to color TV
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