Oncology
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| Cancer Biology | arises from normal cells- transformed by contact with a carcinogen( any substances that damages cellular DNA) and alters growth.
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| Abnomal cells- 5 phases | lost of appearance; nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, loss of function; joined loosely together; migrate
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| What happens to the appearance of cells when they become abnormal? | Lose shape, lose size and color
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| What does nucleus/cytoplasm raito in abnormal cells mean? | nucleus is larger and cytoplasm is smaller in amount
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| What happens to the function of the cell when they are abnormal? | Cell becomes undifferentiated, cell become useless after damage.
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| What does it mean by abnormal cells are joined loosely? | Normal cells have protein that keep all cells joint together. Abnormal cells- cell purpose changes and the cells detach self and goes some where else in body
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| What happens when abnormal cells develop and then migrates? | abnormal cells detach itself to migrate onto normal cells...they spread throughout body.
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| Describe carcinogensis | Initiation-exposure/genectic chemical; Promotion- cells are changing; Transformation- cancer cell is growing (nucleus is bigger, genetic changes); Progression- Malignant tumors
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| Cancer staging/grading | Classifies the cancer according to its clinical presentation- determines exact location.
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| Cancer staging/grading T-Tumor | Extent of the primary tumor (original site of cancer)
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| Cancer Staging/Grading N- | absence or presence of regional lymph node involvement
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| Cancer staging/grading M- | metastasis (presence or absence)
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| Prevention and Control | mammorgraphy and SBE; Testicular Cancer & STE; Colonoscopy; Smoking influences; Alcohol influences
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| Cancer in Children | Hard to prevent cancer in children
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| Cancer in children- characteristics | nonepithelial tissue, occurs in rapidly growing tissue, bone marrow, CNS, muscle, bone.
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| Cancer in children-embryonic tumors | only occur in children. metastasis occurs more rapidly in children often present at time of diagnosis, cancer more diffiicult to recognize in children
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| Cancer in children- Causes | genetic alteration cause unregulated growth of cell. some cancers demonstrate an inheritance pattern eg. Wilm's tumor, neuroblastoma; chromosomal abnormalities, immu. def. DES, ionizing radiation
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| Cancer in children/ Assessment | Fever, Pain, petechiae and ecchymosis, abdominal mass, swollen lymphnodes, frequent headache, vomiting, unexplained rapid wt. loss
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| In the process of carcinogenesis, which two stages can be stabilized or reversed if the cell has the ability to repair the genetic alteration? | Initiation and promotion stage
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