SIUE- Nicole's Flashcards on Kenvin's ORG!
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| What is the smallest part of matter that represents a particular element? | Atom
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| All atoms are composed of these same subatomic particles, what are they? | Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
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| What subatomic particle distinguishes the characteristics of an atom? | The Proton
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| Where is the Proton, Neutron, and Electron located and what charge to they carry? | Proton has a + charge, located in the nucleus with the Neutron that has a neutral charge. The Electron is located outside the nucleus in the orbits and has a - charge.
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| Atoms attempt to have how many electrons in their outermost orbit and how do they attain this? | They attempt to have 8 electrons in their outermost orbit. 1)Either give up electron 2)Gain an electron 3)Share and electron
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| There are always 2 electrons in the first orbit, and how many in each additional orbit? | 8 electrons in each additional orbit.
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| A subatomic particle with a + charge will attract or repel another subatomic particle with a + charge? A - Charge? | A + will repel a + charge and a + will attract a - charge.
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| What makes an atom neutral? | Protons=Electrons
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| What does the mass # represent? | The atomic wt. of the atom which is the sum of the protons + neutrons.
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| What is the atomic # representing? | The # of protons.
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| In Carbon, the # of protons=6, and the # of neutrons=6. What is the Mass # and atomic #? | Mass # is protons + neutrons which is 6+6=12. Atomic # is # of protons which is 6.
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| Cl has the mass # of 35, and the atomic # of 17. What is the number of protons and neutrons? | The # of protons is 17, and to find out the # of neutrons, you would need to take the atomic mass 35-17=18. There is 18 neutrons.
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| What is an isotope? | An atom with the same # of protons and electrons but differ in the # of neutrons. They have the same characteristics of another atom, b/c they have the same # of protons, but different atomic wt. b/c they differ in # of neutrons.
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| What is the outermost and most reactive electrons of an atom? | Valance electron.
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| The valance electrons helps to give us a measure of __ formed by the atoms of a given element? | The # of chemical bonds
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| By looking at the families in the periodic table that are marked w/ the roman numeral and letter A what does the group # represent? | The group # represents the # of valance electrons.
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| What is the quantum mechanical model used for? | Used to find the probable location of an electron in an atom. 4 quantum numbers are used to describe the characteristics of electrons and their orbitals.
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| Describe the principle quantum # n. | Average distance of the orbital from the nucleus and the energy of the electron in an atom. Larger # means more energy, and larger orbital. N is the shell containing the outermost electron.
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| Angular Momentum Quantum Number l? | Describes the shape of the orbital. l= 0=s, 1=p, 2=D, 3=F
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| Magnetic Quantum Number ml? | Describes how the orbitals are oriented in space. Subshells have the same energy but are oriented differently in space.
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| Spin Quantum Number ms? | Describes the direction the electron is spinning. Only two values are used, +1/2 and -1/2. For each subshell there can only be two electron! One has a + spin and the other has a - spin.
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| For every bond formed what occurs, and are atoms destroyed or created in this process? | When bonds are formed reactions occur and atoms are NEITHER created nor destroyed.
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| In an exothermic reaction what is released? In an endothermic reaction what is absorbed? | Exothermic rxn. releases heat. Endothermic rxn. absorbs heat.
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| In regards to a bond, the attraction is inversely proportional to what? | the distance between the center charge. The stronger the attraction, the farther the distance.
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| This type of bond forms with the complete transfer of an electron and requires energy for this process? | Ionic bond
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| A cation or anion is formed during this type of bond. | Ionic bond
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| An example of an ionic bond would be NaCl, Why? | Na- has one valence electron in outer shell, while Cl has 7 valance electrons in their outer shell.
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| Some fun facts about Ionic Compounds. | 1)Used to form simple salts. 2)Atoms with significantly different electronegativity.
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| What does electronegativity mean? | Not sharing the electron equally. Higher the electronegativity the more attracted the electron is to that particular atom. eg.(Na+=0.93, Cl-=3.16) Na+ outer electron will more attracted to Cl than Na.
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| What type of bond share electrons? | Covalent Bonds
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| Do covalent bonds require energy and is it more or less than an ionic bond? | Yes, covalent bonds require energy, but they require much less than ionic bonds.
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| How do covalent bonds share their electrons equally? | Overlap of the individual atomic orbits. Electrons in each atom tend to become attracted to the positive nucleus of the other atom.
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| What is the net charge of a symmetrical covalent (pure covalent) bond? | Net neutral charge. Few molecules form complete symmetrical bonds.
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| Most covalent bonds demonstrate? | Polarization
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| An example of a covalent bond is carbon and chlorine (CHCl3). | Electronegativity of Carbon=2.55, and Chlorine=3.96. Close electronegativity means the outermost electrons are almost equally attracted to the positive nucleus of each atom.
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| A hydrogen bond is a bond? | A bond b/t two 1 s atomic orbitals. Electrons in each atom are attracted to the + nucleus of the other atom. They continue to come together until the nuclei become to repel each other.
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| Sigma bonds are bonds formed by? | Bonds formed by the overlap of s+s, p+p, s+p, or d+d atomic orbitals. The bonding electron density is concentrated along the axis of the bond-strongest covalent bond.
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| pi bonds are formed by? | The bonding of sideways (parallel) overlaping, typically the overlap of the p orbitals.
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| Single bonds have__? Double bonds have__? Triple bonds have__? | Single bonds have one sigma bond. Double bonds have one sigma and one pi bond. Triple bonds have one sigma and two pi bonds.
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| The study of carbon and its compounds? | Organic chemistry
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| Why is Carbon unique? | It's ability to form bonds to other carbon atoms.
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| Carbon can also form stable covalent bonds with many other elements such as? | Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur.
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| Why is carbon able to form a great number of compounds? | Because it has the ability to form strong covalent bonds to each other, and the it's ability to form strong bonds with atoms of other nonmetals.
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| What forms the strongest covalent bonds in nature? | Carbon
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| Is tetravalent, has 4 electrons in it's outer shell, always forms 4 bonds, and can form multiple covalent bonds? | Carbon
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| When do organic molecules contain polar covalent bonds? | When Carbon bonds to an element from the right or left side of the periodic table.
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| What are isomers? | Different compounds that have the same molecular formula, but differ by which atom is bonded to which, or in how the atoms are arranged in three-dimensional space.
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| Characteristics of Isomers... | Occur in organic compounds that have more than 3 carbon atoms, same atomic weight, different physical characteristics.
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| Constitutional Isomers | Compounds with the same molecular formula but with their atoms connected in different arrangements. They have different structures, different physical properties, and different physiological properties.
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| Stereoisomers | Attached in same sequence but different spatial arrangement. Differ on in the 3-D orientation of their atoms. Includes Diastereomers, and Enantiomers.
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| Diastereomers are... | Stereoisomers that are NOT mirror images of each other and include Cis-Trans Isomers and Confromational Isomers.
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| Same chemical formula but rotation around C=C does not occur, bc of double bond. | Cis-Trans Isomer. Cis-functional group is on the same side, Trans-functional group is on the opposite side.
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| Conformational Isomers... | The two parts of a molecule joined by a carbon-carbon single bond are free to spin around the bond, giving rise to an infinite number of 3-D geometries. Not really isomers, but rotamers!
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| Entantiomer | Can't be superimposed, seen as a mirror image, rotate in opposite directions, have the same physical properties and solubility, but have different physiological properties.
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| Have identical chemical and physical properties, except for their ability to rotate plane-polarized light (+/-). They rotate it in equal amounts but opposite directions. | Enantiomer
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| Racemic Entantiomer | A mixture of equal parts of an optically active isomer and its enantiomer and has a net rotation of plane-polarized light of zero. Equal amounts of Dextro-isomer and Levo-isomer.
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| Two types of enantiomers? | Dextro-isomer (d-isomer)-R-rectus=right spin and Levo-isomer (l-isomer)-S-sinister=left spin.
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| Organic molecules have two parts.. | Inert carbon backbone, and one or more functional groups.
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| What is a functional group? | Set of atoms within a larger molecule that have a characteristic structure and chemical behavior.Largely defines the chem. and phys. properties.
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| Do functional groups have the same or different chemical reactions from molecule to molecule? | They tend to undergo the same reactions in every molecule.
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| What functional group contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms? | Hydrocarbon Functional Groups
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| What are the hydrocarbon functional groups? | Alkanes=1 bond, Alkenes=2 bonds, Alkynes=3 bonds, and Arenes (aromatic compounds).
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| Are hydrocarbons flammable? | YES!
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| What is the simplest of the organic compounds? | Alkanes- has a C-C single bond. Have no functional groups, relatively unreactive.
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| CH4? | An alkane Methane. Has no functional groups.
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| Alkanes are named according to how many carbons and only have single bonds, what are their names? | Methane-1 carbon, ethane-2 carbons, propane-3 carbons, butane-4 carbons, pentane-5 carbons,hexane-6 carbons...
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| What type of group branches off the main chain? | An alkyl group. The H+ is replaced by alkyl group primary(attached to 1 C), secondary(attached to 2 C), tertiary(attached to 3 C), or quaternary(attached to 4 C).
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| This alkyl group does not pass blood-brain & placental barrier as easily, not very lipid soluble. | Quaternary carbon
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| Contains carbon-carbon double bond, have functional groups. | Alkenes- Ethene is simplest alkene.
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| Carbon-Carbon triple bonds, have functional group. | Alkynes- Ethyne is simplest alkyne.
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| Alkanes having a single bond b/t carbon atoms allows for 4 different bonds, is this saturated or unsaturated? | Saturated
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| Alkenes that have a double bond b/t carbons are saturated? True or False? | False, unsaturated
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| Alkynes with triple bonds b/t carbons are unsaturated or saturated? | Unsaturated
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| Six member carbon ring with three double bonds? | Aromatics, very stable and also called arenes.
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| What is the functional group in aromatics? | Bnezene ring.
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| Organic compounds that contain one or more halogen atoms? | Organohalogen Compounds
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| What are some of the Halogens that are found in group 7A of the periodic table? | F,Cl,Br, and I.
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| Common anesthetic agents? | Haloalkanes
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| Functional groups based on water are? | Alcohols- R-O-H. O-H is the functional hydroxyl group. Ethers- R-O-R oxygen bridge b/t two alkyl groups is the functional group.
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| Name the anesthetic gases that are halogenated ethers... | Enflurane, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane.
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| Amines functional groups are derived from? | Ammonia (NH3).
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| Medications such as Ketamine, Dopamine, and Epinephrine are? | Amines
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| Carbonyl Functional Groups contains a carbon the is double bonded with what? | Oxygen.
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| Aldehydes | Have an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbonyl group.
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| Ketones | Have two alkyl groups bonded to a carbonyl group.
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| Carboxylic Acids | Have a carboxyl group
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| Esters | Derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
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| Amides | Derived from an amine and a carboxylic acid.
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| Alkanes and cycloalkanes are functional groups having what? | Hydrocarbons with no double or triple bonds.
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| What are the rules of Nomenclature? | 1)Define the longest continuous C chain.2)Name groups attached to chain.3)# chain consecutively, start end nearest substituent group.4)Designate location of substituent group by # and name.5)Assemble name of groups in ABC order.
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| Almost all anesthetic agents are organic compounds except? | Nitrous- is an inorganic compound.
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| Halogenation of hydrocarbons makes what? | Inhalation gases
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| Halothane is a halogenated hydrocarbon, while the rest are hologenated__? | Hlogenated Ethers
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| Amides and esters make up __, while oxidation of alcohols is for__? | 1)Local anesthetics 2)Preservatives
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| Unstable and flammable | Alkanes
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| Halogenation of hydrocarbons is when a hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen atom F,Cl,Br. Why is this done? | Because alkanes are highly flammable and unstable and this creates a highly potent, nonflammable gas.
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| Enflurane & Isoflurane are the same in that....and they differ in that... | They are both isomers, have same chemical structure and weight, but differ in physical characteristics.
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| Halothane is an ethane with? | F,Cl,& Br.
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| Three gases that are methy ethyl ethers. | Isoflourane, desflurane,and sevoflurane.
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| Isoflurane Common IUPAC name is | 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 1,1-difluoromethyl ether
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| Desflurane common IUPAC name is | Difluoromethyl 1-fluoro 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether
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| Sevoflurane common IUPAC name is | Fluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-ethyl ether
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| Local anesthetics in which hydrogen is replaced with amide group is.. | Amides, Lidocaine, bupicacaine
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| Natural epinephrine is what kind of isomer? | l-isomer, has greater beta 1 (cardiac) than beta 2 (pulmonary) activity.
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| Racemic epinephrine is used as what and has what kind of isomer? | Used as a nebulizer, it has equal l & d isomers, and get more pulmonary effects with less tachycardia.
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