Structure & Function of the Cell
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| The process of diffusion is controlled by a _________ _________ | Concentration Gradient
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| Cylindrically shaped extensions of the plasma membrane that function in absorption and as sensory receptors | Microvilli
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| If a cell is placed in a _________ solution, crenation of the cell may occur. | Hypertonic
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| If a cell is placed in a _________ solution, lysis of the cell may occur. | Hypotonic
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| Filtration depends on a _________ on the two sides of the partition. | Pressure Difference
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| A white blood cell ingests solid particles by forming vesicles. What process does this describe? | Phagocytosis
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| This organelle produces large amounts of ATP | Mitochondria
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| Mature red blood cells lack a _________ | Nucleus
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| mRNA is synthesized in the _________ | Nucleus
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| Integrins in the plasma membrane functions as _________ | Attachment sites
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| Small pieces of matter, even whole cells, can be transported across the plasma membrane in _________ | Vesicles
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| The resistance of a fluid to flow is known as _________ | Viscosity
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| _________ is found outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane | Cytoplasm
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| Accounts for about 1/3 of total lipids and flexibility in the plasma membrane | Cholesterol
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| Allows us to see "through" parts of the cell | Transmission Electron Microscope
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| Allows us to see features of the cell surface and surfaces of internal structures | Scanning Electron Microscope
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| Allows us to visualize the general features of cells | Light Microscope
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| Cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify one another | Marker Molecules
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| Form tiny channels through the plasma membrane | Channel Proteins
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| Modern concept of the plasma membrane | Fluid Mosaic Model
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| Small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins | Ligands
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| Proteins which penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer | Intrinsic Proteins
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| Chemical reactions that take place within the cell; collectively | Cell Metabolism
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| Cells produce and receive _________ and electrical signals to communicate with one another | Chemical
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| Substances on the inside of the plasma membrane | Intracellular
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| Substances on the outside of the plasma membrane | Extracellular
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| The diffusion of water | Osmosis
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| The regulation of ion movement by cells results in a charge across the membrane called the _________ | Membrane Potential
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| Proteins that function as catalysts are called _________ | Enzymes
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| Supports the cytoplasm and the organelles within the cell | Cytoskeleton
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| Outer boundary of the cell that controls entry and exit of substances | Plasma Membrane
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| Composed of carbohydrates and lipids | Glycolipids
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| Composed of carbohydrates and proteins | Glycoproteins
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| Collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane | Glycocalyx
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| Phospholipids readily assemble to form a _________ because they have a polar head and nonpolar tail. | Lipid Bilayer
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| Small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins | Ligands
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| Genetic disorder that affects the chloride ion channels. | Cystic Fibrosis
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| The substance in a solution present in the largest amount | Solvent
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| The substance which dissolves in another to form a solution | Solute
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| Molecules that are soluble in _______ pass through the plasma membrane readily by dissolving through | Lipids
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| Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by carrier molecules are said to be transported by _______ processes | Carrier-Mediated
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| Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in solution | Diffusion
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| Force required to prevent the movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane | Osmotic Pressure
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| Solutions that have the same concentration of solute particles, have the same osmotic pressure and are called _______ | Isosmotic
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| Considering the concentration of two solutions: the solution with greater osmotic pressure is called _______ | Hyperosmotic
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| Considering the concentration of two solutions: the more dilute solution is referred to as being Considering the concentration of two solutions: the solution with greater osmotic pressure is called _______ | Hyposmotic
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| Shrinking of a cell | Crenation
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| Rupture of a cell | Lysis
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| Results when a partition containing small holes is placed in a stream of moving liquid | Filtration
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| _______ involves carrier proteins within the plasma membrane that move large, water soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules across the plasma membrane | Mediated Transport Mechanisms
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| Each carrier protein binds to and transports only a single type molecule | Specificity
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| Result of similar molecules binding to the carrier protein | Competition
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| _______ means that the rate of transport of molecules across the membrane is limited by the number of available carrier proteins | Saturation
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| _______ is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances into or out of the cells from higher to lower concentration | Facilitated Diffusion
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| _______ is a mediated transport process that requires energy provided by ATP | Active Transport
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| Some active transport mechanisms _______ one substance for another | Exchange
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| _______ involves the active transport of an ion such as sodium out of a cell, establishing a concentration gradient, with higher concentration of the ions outside the cell | Secondary Active Transport
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| Secondary active transport where movement is in the same direction | Cotransport
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| Secondary active transport where movement is in opposite direction | Countertransport
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| Internalization of substances | Endocytosis
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| Externalization of substances | Exocytosis
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| "Cell eating" | Phagocytosis
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| "Cell drinking" | Pinocytosis
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| Genetic disorder which consists of the reduction in or absence of low density lipoprotein receptors on the cell surface | Hypercholesterolemia
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| Fluid portion of the cytosplasm | Cytosol
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| Hollow tubules composed of protein unites called tubulin | Microtubules
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| Supports the cell and holds the nucleus and organelles in place | Cytoskeleton
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| Small fibrils that form bundles, sheets or networks in the cytoplasm of cells | Actin Filaments
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| Protein fibers providing mechanical strength to cells | Intermediate Filaments
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| Aggregates of chemicals either produced by the cell or taken in by the cell | Cytoplasmic inclusions
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| Pigments that increase in amount with age | Lipochromes
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| Specialized region on each chromosome which the spindle fiber attaches to | Kinetochore
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| Located in the cytoplasm at the base of the cilia | Basal body
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| Proteins connecting adjacent pairs of microtubules | Dynein Arms
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| Sites of protein synthesis | Ribosomes
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| Primarily synthesize proteins used inside the cell | Free Ribosomes
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| Synthesize proteins that are secreted from the cell | ER Ribosomes
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| Interior spaces of ER which are isolated from the rest of the cytoplasm | Cisternae
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| Cilia move in two motions; power stroke and the _______ | Recovery Stroke
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| Composed of flattened membrane sacs that are stacked on each other like dinner plates | Golgi Apparatus
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| A _______ vesicle moves to the Golgi apparatus, fuses and releases protein into its cisternae | Transport
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| Secretory vesicles generally do not release their contents to the outside until a _______ is received | Signal
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| Contain various hydrolytic enzymes and function as intracellular digestive systems | Lysosomes
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| Digestion of organelles by lysosomes | Autophagia
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| Results from inability of lysosomal enzymes breaking down glycogen | Pompe's Disease
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| Disorder in which lysosomal enzymes are unable to break down mucopolysaccharides | Hurler's Syndrome
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| Substance located int he space formed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria | Matrix
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| Numerous infoldings that project like shelves into the interior of the mitochondria | Cristae
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| Break down and recycle proteins | Proteasomes
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| Openings withing the nuclear envelope | Nuclear Pores
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| Proteins which play a role in the regulation of DNA function | Histones
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| Densely coiled genetic material | Chromosomes
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| Intermediate form of DNA | Ribonucleic Acid
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| Total of all the genes contained within each cell | Genome
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| Site of ribosome synthesis | Nucleolus
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| Chemical reactions that convert the glucose to pyruvic acid | Glycolysis
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| Pyruvic acid is converted to ATP when oxygen is available | Aerobic Respiration
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| Pyruvic acid is converted to ATP and lactic acid when oxygen is not available | Anaerobic Respiration
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| DNA is _______, which means that the strands are parallel but extend in opposite directions | Antiparallel
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