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Anatomy/Phys Ch. 3
Structure & Function of the Cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The process of diffusion is controlled by a _________ _________ | Concentration Gradient |
| Cylindrically shaped extensions of the plasma membrane that function in absorption and as sensory receptors | Microvilli |
| If a cell is placed in a _________ solution, crenation of the cell may occur. | Hypertonic |
| If a cell is placed in a _________ solution, lysis of the cell may occur. | Hypotonic |
| Filtration depends on a _________ on the two sides of the partition. | Pressure Difference |
| A white blood cell ingests solid particles by forming vesicles. What process does this describe? | Phagocytosis |
| This organelle produces large amounts of ATP | Mitochondria |
| Mature red blood cells lack a _________ | Nucleus |
| mRNA is synthesized in the _________ | Nucleus |
| Integrins in the plasma membrane functions as _________ | Attachment sites |
| Small pieces of matter, even whole cells, can be transported across the plasma membrane in _________ | Vesicles |
| The resistance of a fluid to flow is known as _________ | Viscosity |
| _________ is found outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane | Cytoplasm |
| Accounts for about 1/3 of total lipids and flexibility in the plasma membrane | Cholesterol |
| Allows us to see "through" parts of the cell | Transmission Electron Microscope |
| Allows us to see features of the cell surface and surfaces of internal structures | Scanning Electron Microscope |
| Allows us to visualize the general features of cells | Light Microscope |
| Cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify one another | Marker Molecules |
| Form tiny channels through the plasma membrane | Channel Proteins |
| Modern concept of the plasma membrane | Fluid Mosaic Model |
| Small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins | Ligands |
| Proteins which penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer | Intrinsic Proteins |
| Chemical reactions that take place within the cell; collectively | Cell Metabolism |
| Cells produce and receive _________ and electrical signals to communicate with one another | Chemical |
| Substances on the inside of the plasma membrane | Intracellular |
| Substances on the outside of the plasma membrane | Extracellular |
| The diffusion of water | Osmosis |
| The regulation of ion movement by cells results in a charge across the membrane called the _________ | Membrane Potential |
| Proteins that function as catalysts are called _________ | Enzymes |
| Supports the cytoplasm and the organelles within the cell | Cytoskeleton |
| Outer boundary of the cell that controls entry and exit of substances | Plasma Membrane |
| Composed of carbohydrates and lipids | Glycolipids |
| Composed of carbohydrates and proteins | Glycoproteins |
| Collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane | Glycocalyx |
| Phospholipids readily assemble to form a _________ because they have a polar head and nonpolar tail. | Lipid Bilayer |
| Small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins | Ligands |
| Genetic disorder that affects the chloride ion channels. | Cystic Fibrosis |
| The substance in a solution present in the largest amount | Solvent |
| The substance which dissolves in another to form a solution | Solute |
| Molecules that are soluble in _______ pass through the plasma membrane readily by dissolving through | Lipids |
| Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by carrier molecules are said to be transported by _______ processes | Carrier-Mediated |
| Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in solution | Diffusion |
| Force required to prevent the movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane | Osmotic Pressure |
| Solutions that have the same concentration of solute particles, have the same osmotic pressure and are called _______ | Isosmotic |
| Considering the concentration of two solutions: the solution with greater osmotic pressure is called _______ | Hyperosmotic |
| Considering the concentration of two solutions: the more dilute solution is referred to as being Considering the concentration of two solutions: the solution with greater osmotic pressure is called _______ | Hyposmotic |
| Shrinking of a cell | Crenation |
| Rupture of a cell | Lysis |
| Results when a partition containing small holes is placed in a stream of moving liquid | Filtration |
| _______ involves carrier proteins within the plasma membrane that move large, water soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules across the plasma membrane | Mediated Transport Mechanisms |
| Each carrier protein binds to and transports only a single type molecule | Specificity |
| Result of similar molecules binding to the carrier protein | Competition |
| _______ means that the rate of transport of molecules across the membrane is limited by the number of available carrier proteins | Saturation |
| _______ is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances into or out of the cells from higher to lower concentration | Facilitated Diffusion |
| _______ is a mediated transport process that requires energy provided by ATP | Active Transport |
| Some active transport mechanisms _______ one substance for another | Exchange |
| _______ involves the active transport of an ion such as sodium out of a cell, establishing a concentration gradient, with higher concentration of the ions outside the cell | Secondary Active Transport |
| Secondary active transport where movement is in the same direction | Cotransport |
| Secondary active transport where movement is in opposite direction | Countertransport |
| Internalization of substances | Endocytosis |
| Externalization of substances | Exocytosis |
| "Cell eating" | Phagocytosis |
| "Cell drinking" | Pinocytosis |
| Genetic disorder which consists of the reduction in or absence of low density lipoprotein receptors on the cell surface | Hypercholesterolemia |
| Fluid portion of the cytosplasm | Cytosol |
| Hollow tubules composed of protein unites called tubulin | Microtubules |
| Supports the cell and holds the nucleus and organelles in place | Cytoskeleton |
| Small fibrils that form bundles, sheets or networks in the cytoplasm of cells | Actin Filaments |
| Protein fibers providing mechanical strength to cells | Intermediate Filaments |
| Aggregates of chemicals either produced by the cell or taken in by the cell | Cytoplasmic inclusions |
| Pigments that increase in amount with age | Lipochromes |
| Specialized region on each chromosome which the spindle fiber attaches to | Kinetochore |
| Located in the cytoplasm at the base of the cilia | Basal body |
| Proteins connecting adjacent pairs of microtubules | Dynein Arms |
| Sites of protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| Primarily synthesize proteins used inside the cell | Free Ribosomes |
| Synthesize proteins that are secreted from the cell | ER Ribosomes |
| Interior spaces of ER which are isolated from the rest of the cytoplasm | Cisternae |
| Cilia move in two motions; power stroke and the _______ | Recovery Stroke |
| Composed of flattened membrane sacs that are stacked on each other like dinner plates | Golgi Apparatus |
| A _______ vesicle moves to the Golgi apparatus, fuses and releases protein into its cisternae | Transport |
| Secretory vesicles generally do not release their contents to the outside until a _______ is received | Signal |
| Contain various hydrolytic enzymes and function as intracellular digestive systems | Lysosomes |
| Digestion of organelles by lysosomes | Autophagia |
| Results from inability of lysosomal enzymes breaking down glycogen | Pompe's Disease |
| Disorder in which lysosomal enzymes are unable to break down mucopolysaccharides | Hurler's Syndrome |
| Substance located int he space formed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria | Matrix |
| Numerous infoldings that project like shelves into the interior of the mitochondria | Cristae |
| Break down and recycle proteins | Proteasomes |
| Openings withing the nuclear envelope | Nuclear Pores |
| Proteins which play a role in the regulation of DNA function | Histones |
| Densely coiled genetic material | Chromosomes |
| Intermediate form of DNA | Ribonucleic Acid |
| Total of all the genes contained within each cell | Genome |
| Site of ribosome synthesis | Nucleolus |
| Chemical reactions that convert the glucose to pyruvic acid | Glycolysis |
| Pyruvic acid is converted to ATP when oxygen is available | Aerobic Respiration |
| Pyruvic acid is converted to ATP and lactic acid when oxygen is not available | Anaerobic Respiration |
| DNA is _______, which means that the strands are parallel but extend in opposite directions | Antiparallel |
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