chemistry amino acid
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| What is prealbumin? | Migrates ahead of albumin, transports with throid hormones and retinal.
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| Albumin | Highest concentration 40-60%. Responsible for oncotic pressure. Strong negative charge.
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| cotic pressure | Force that confines fluids within the vascular compartment.
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| Analbumemina | Total absence of albumin
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| Globulins | Alpha 1,2, Beta and gamma globulins
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| Antitrypsin | Main function to inhibit lysosomal elastase and chymotrypsin
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| AAT | Antitrypsin
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| Fetoprotein | AFP/ glycoprotein normally present in low concentrations. Peaks in fetus 13 weeks and recedes by 34th week.Diagnosis for neural tube defects, fetal blood loss.
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| Decreased amount of AFP | associated with down syndrome
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| Glycoproteins | mucoprotein composed of five carbs attached to peptide chaininhibits phagocytic activity and platelet aggregation
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| AGP | Glycoproteins
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| Haptoglobin | HP
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| Primary function to bind free hemoglobin | Haptoglobin (HP)
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| Cerloplasmin | Cer
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| Cerloplasmin | copper oxidase enzyem, single polypeptide, regulate iron transport and utilization
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| Macroglogulin | Largest plasma protein, functions as a protease inhibitor by blocking the active site on enzymes such as plasmin, thrombin
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| A2M | Macroglogulin
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| What are the Beta Globulins | Transferrin, Beta 2 Macroglobulins, Fibrinogen, complement, c-reactive protein
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| transferrin | major function is to transport oxidized ions of iron. Major component of beta globulins in body.
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| Alpha 2 Macroglogulin | largest plasma protein,protease inhibitor by blocking the active site on enzymes such as plasmin
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| What beta globulin is useful in assessing renal function | Macroglobins
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| What Beta 2 globulin is useful in monitoring multiple myloma and b cell tumors? | Macroglobulin
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| Fibrinogen | Beta globulin activated by thrombin to form fibrin by cleaving fibrinopeptides from the fibringens chain to form a fibrin clot.
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| Complement | Beta Globulins, 25 proteins sequential manner.
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| Causes lysis, opsonize cellular debris prior to phagocytosis mediate inflammatory response | Complement
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| What protein has the highest concentration in complement? | C3
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| C-reactive | Beta globulins, bind c-polysaccaride on the cell wall of s.pneumonia
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| what is the major function of C-reactive protein? | C-reactive form complexes with microorganism to faciliate activation of classical pathway.
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| What beta globulin initiates opsonization, phagocytosis and lysis of foreighn cell in complemant pathway | C-reactive (CRP)
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| Immunoglobulins | synthesized by plasma cells stimulated by immune response to foreighn particle
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| what are the 5 major groups of immunoglubulins | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE,IgD
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| What is a Kappa and Lambda? | light chain
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| The differences in a heavy chain are called? | Idiotypes
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| Monoclonal immunoglobulin | a molecule or immunoglobulin that is derived from the proliferation of one plasm cell
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| IgG | most abundant75% long term physiological protection neatralizing bacter or viral antigens
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| IgA | two subtypes dimeric secretory
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| IgM | first antibody to appear due to antigenic stimulation, largest in size, surface of b-cells
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| IgD | surface of b lymphs, function unknown
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| IgE | lowest conc, associated with allergic reactions, rapidly attach to mast cells
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| Myoglobulin | heme protein found in striated skeletal and cardiac muscles
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| What can reversible bind oxygen | myoglobulin
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| If myologlubin is elimated what does is cause? | kidney damage
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| troponin | regulate muscle contractions
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| Used to assess the risk of patients with acute myocardial ischemia | Tropinin T
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| Fibronectin | identical subunits, cell adhesion, tissue differentiation, growth and wound healing
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| used as a predictor of preterm labor | fibronectin
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| Inborn errors of metabolism, rare | amino acidopathies
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| Phenylketouria | Amino acidopathies, PKU, absence of PKA, buildup of phenylpyruvate, heel prick
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| disorder of tyrosine transaminase | Tyrosinemia(amino acidopathies) buildup of of Tyrosine
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| Urine darkening upon standing | Amino acidopathies/ Alkaptonuria/first error discovered/
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| Homocystinuria | Amino aciopathies/formation of cystine, impaired enzyme, def.folic acid, vita b6 and b12
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| specimens use dfor amino acid testing | urine and blood
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| composed of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen | proteins
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| functions of proteins | oncontic pressure, tranportation, hormones, buffer
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| hypoproteinemia | protein levle less than reference range, cause by excessive plasma protein loss, decrease in protein intake
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| results of hypoproteinemia | def.in essential amino acids, impaired protein syntheses seen in liver disease inheristed immunodeficiency disorders
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| Hyperproteinemia | protein levels greater than reference range
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| what can cause dehydration | hyperproteinemia
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| multiple myeloma | hyperproduction of IgG, neoplastic cells proliferate in the bone marrow
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| M spike | multiple myeloma
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| waldenstroms macroglobulinemia | monoclonal paraprotein of IgM type
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| symptons of waldenstrom? | fewer bact. infections, less bone pain, thick serum due to IgM
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| what are the five total protein tests | Kjeldahl, refractometery, biuret, dye binding, protein fractionation
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| classic method of total proteins | kjeldahl
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| Tungtstic acid to precipitate proteins | kjeldahl
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| measure the refraction of the serum vs water for total proteins, what is the test? | Refractometry
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| quick method of determining the protein volume | refractometry
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| biuret | cupric ions combining with the peptide bonds in an alkaline pH, forms violet color, measured spectrophotomically at 540nm
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| Total Protein-Dye binding | most proteins have affinity for dyes and will bind
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| Most common dyes used for dye binding | bromphenol blue, ponceau S, Coomassie brillant blue 250
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| What test measures the dye absorption by spectrophotometry as a shift in absorbance at 465-595 nm? | Dye binding
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| total protein fractionation | used wheneleof protein is found, testing for further seperae the 5 fractions is done by electrophoresis
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| what are the the three alpha 1 globulins? | Antitrypsin(AAT), fetoprotein(AFP), Glycoproteins(AGP)
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| What are the Alpha 2 globulins | Haptoglobin(Hp), Ceruloplasmin(Cer), Macroglobulin(A2M0,
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| What are the Beta Globulins? | Transferrin(TRN), Macroglobulins, Fibrinogen
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| Trn | transferrin
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| AFP | Fetoprotein
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| AGP | Glycoproteins
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| Hp | Haptoglobin
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| Cer | Ceruloplasmin
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| A2M | Macroglogulin
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| Salt fractionation | globulins are seperated from albumin by precipitating them out using salt
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| what is the name of the test that allows binding of anionic dye? | Dye binding Albumin
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| What type of dye has a different absorbtion than free dye? | bound dye
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| Direct colorimetric measurement | Globulin test method, glyxylic acid is the presence of cupric ions and an acid medium produce a purple color.
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| How do you determine albumin levels? | subtract total protein levels from total glubulin levels
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| what test is not commonly used for globulin testing? | Direct colorimeric measurement
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| Tumor marker for hepatomas | Fetoprotein
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| Primary clinical use is iron saturation | Transferrin
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| Total iron binding capacity used which beta globulin? | transferrin
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| Name the 5 diseases accociated with amino acidopathies? | Phenylketouria, tyrosemia,alkaptonura,maple syrupe disease and homocystinuria
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| disorder of homogenistic acid oxidase | Alkaptonuria
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| disorder of tyrosine transaminase | tyrosinemia
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| Urine smelss like maple syrup,heriditary | maple syrup disease
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| where does protein synthesis begin | liver
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| how are proteins classified | simple and conjugated
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| total nitrogen | measures all chemically bound nitrogen within samples.
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| what gives a false negative in total nitrogen test | urea and creatine
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| how is total nitrogen measured | chemilluminescence, sample heated in the presence of oxygen, nitric oxide forms/excited nitrogen dioxide molecule (NO2)
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| Kjeldahl | nitrogen converted to ammonium borate which is measured thru titration with HCL
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| Total protein fractionation | used when elevation of total protein is found, testing to further seperate the 5 fractions is done by electrophoresis
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| total protein dye binding | dye absorbtion is measured spectrophotomically as a shift in absorbance at 465 to 595 nm
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| Total protein dye binding | used to stain bands after electrophoresis
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| serum protein electrophoresis | standard method involves sample appplied to the neg.charge in an alkaline buffer of 8.6.
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| Proteins are seperated based on strength of the charge/divides in 5 bands | serum protein electrophoresis
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| protein analysis | high resolution protein electrophoresis,higher voltage conc,buffer
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| capillary electroph |
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