Body Fluids and Major Minerals
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| Ions | Charged atoms
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| Extracellular Fluids | Outside of the cells; ex. bloodstream
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| Interstitial Fluids | Between cells
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| Intracellular Fluids | Inside of the cells
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| Thirst Mechanism | 10% decrease in blood volume or 1 to 2% increase in blood particles stimulates the hypothalamus and cause a dry mouth
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| ADH | Releases by the pituitary when salt concentration is too high or blood volume/pressure too low. Causes kidneys to reabsorb water
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| Rennin Angiotensin System | Rennin is released by kidneys when BP is low, which then activates the protein Angiotensin, which constricts blood vessels and cause kidneys to reabsorb Na and water
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| Aldosterone | Hormone released by the adrenal glands, causes kidneys to reabsorb NA and water
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| Obligatory Water Loss | Minimum amount of water required to dispose of water in the urine; About a half of liter/ 2 cups
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| Dehydration | Excessive water loss; cause by low intake, diarrhea or vomiting; Causes thirst, weakness, delirium, exhaustion
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| Water intoxication | Excessive water intake in a short period of time, Causes confusion, convulsions, and brain swells
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| Osmosis | Movement of water from high to low water concentration
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| Cation | Positive atom
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| Anion | Negative atom
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| Electrolytes | Salts that break apart in water and conduct electricity
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| Acidosis | Blood pH less than 7.35, depresses the nervous system causing coma
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| Alkalosis | Blood pH greater than 7.45, over excites the nervous system causing irritability
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| Bicarbonate Buffer System | Most active of the 3 buffer systems. 3 components: H+, HC03-, and H2CO3.
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| Na (or Sodium) | Required for muscle contraction, nerve transmission and regulate extracellular fluid. Min. 500mg
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| Toxicity of Na | Occurs at 5000mg, causes swelling and high BP
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| Sources of Na | Table salt and processed food
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| Cl (or Chlorine) | Part of the HCl molecule, in extracellular fluid, no deficiency
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| Toxicity of Cl | Occurs at 10,000mg, causes vomiting
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| Sources of Cl | Table salt and processed food
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| K (or Potassium) | Main positive atom inside of cells, required for muscles and nerves; Min. 2,000mg
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| Deficiency of K | Causes weakness and arrhythmias
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| Toxicity of K | Occurs 11,000mg, causes weakness, vomiting, and cardiac arrest
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| Sources of K | Fruits, vegetables, milk, meat and beans
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| Ca (or Calcium) | Required by bones, muscles and blood clotting. Acidity improves absorption. Fiber inhibits absorption. Requires Ca binding protein to be absorbed
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| Deficiency of Ca | Causes slow growth, bone loss and tetany
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| Toxicity of Ca | Occurs at 2,500mg, causes kidney stones , rigor and constipation
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| Tetany | Intermittent muscle spasm
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| Rigor | Hard and stiff muscle
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| Parathyroid hormone | Moves Ca from the bone into the blood
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| Calcitonin | Moves Ca from the blood into the bone
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| P (or Phosphorus) | Needed in ATP, DNA, RNA, Phospholipids, hydroxyapatite,and Phosphate buffer system
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| Deficiency of P | Causes weakness and bone pain
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| Toxicity of P | Occurs at 4,000mg, causes Ca to excreted by the body
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| Mg (or Magnesium) | Needed in bones, hold Ca inside tooth enamel, required by 300+ enzymes
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| Deficiency of Mg | Causes weakness, confusion, and difficulty swallowing
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| Toxicity of Mg | Occurs at 350mg, Causes diarrhea, dehydration, and elevated pH
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| Sources of Mg | Green vegetables, nuts, beans, seafood and chocolate
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| S (or Sulfur) | Stabilize proteins, used to make insulin; deficiency is unknown
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| Toxicity of S | Suppress growth, affects children more than adult
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| Sources of S | Meat, milk, nuts and beans
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