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Nutrition Ch. 12
Body Fluids and Major Minerals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ions | Charged atoms |
| Extracellular Fluids | Outside of the cells; ex. bloodstream |
| Interstitial Fluids | Between cells |
| Intracellular Fluids | Inside of the cells |
| Thirst Mechanism | 10% decrease in blood volume or 1 to 2% increase in blood particles stimulates the hypothalamus and cause a dry mouth |
| ADH | Releases by the pituitary when salt concentration is too high or blood volume/pressure too low. Causes kidneys to reabsorb water |
| Rennin Angiotensin System | Rennin is released by kidneys when BP is low, which then activates the protein Angiotensin, which constricts blood vessels and cause kidneys to reabsorb Na and water |
| Aldosterone | Hormone released by the adrenal glands, causes kidneys to reabsorb NA and water |
| Obligatory Water Loss | Minimum amount of water required to dispose of water in the urine; About a half of liter/ 2 cups |
| Dehydration | Excessive water loss; cause by low intake, diarrhea or vomiting; Causes thirst, weakness, delirium, exhaustion |
| Water intoxication | Excessive water intake in a short period of time, Causes confusion, convulsions, and brain swells |
| Osmosis | Movement of water from high to low water concentration |
| Cation | Positive atom |
| Anion | Negative atom |
| Electrolytes | Salts that break apart in water and conduct electricity |
| Acidosis | Blood pH less than 7.35, depresses the nervous system causing coma |
| Alkalosis | Blood pH greater than 7.45, over excites the nervous system causing irritability |
| Bicarbonate Buffer System | Most active of the 3 buffer systems. 3 components: H+, HC03-, and H2CO3. |
| Na (or Sodium) | Required for muscle contraction, nerve transmission and regulate extracellular fluid. Min. 500mg |
| Toxicity of Na | Occurs at 5000mg, causes swelling and high BP |
| Sources of Na | Table salt and processed food |
| Cl (or Chlorine) | Part of the HCl molecule, in extracellular fluid, no deficiency |
| Toxicity of Cl | Occurs at 10,000mg, causes vomiting |
| Sources of Cl | Table salt and processed food |
| K (or Potassium) | Main positive atom inside of cells, required for muscles and nerves; Min. 2,000mg |
| Deficiency of K | Causes weakness and arrhythmias |
| Toxicity of K | Occurs 11,000mg, causes weakness, vomiting, and cardiac arrest |
| Sources of K | Fruits, vegetables, milk, meat and beans |
| Ca (or Calcium) | Required by bones, muscles and blood clotting. Acidity improves absorption. Fiber inhibits absorption. Requires Ca binding protein to be absorbed |
| Deficiency of Ca | Causes slow growth, bone loss and tetany |
| Toxicity of Ca | Occurs at 2,500mg, causes kidney stones , rigor and constipation |
| Tetany | Intermittent muscle spasm |
| Rigor | Hard and stiff muscle |
| Parathyroid hormone | Moves Ca from the bone into the blood |
| Calcitonin | Moves Ca from the blood into the bone |
| P (or Phosphorus) | Needed in ATP, DNA, RNA, Phospholipids, hydroxyapatite,and Phosphate buffer system |
| Deficiency of P | Causes weakness and bone pain |
| Toxicity of P | Occurs at 4,000mg, causes Ca to excreted by the body |
| Mg (or Magnesium) | Needed in bones, hold Ca inside tooth enamel, required by 300+ enzymes |
| Deficiency of Mg | Causes weakness, confusion, and difficulty swallowing |
| Toxicity of Mg | Occurs at 350mg, Causes diarrhea, dehydration, and elevated pH |
| Sources of Mg | Green vegetables, nuts, beans, seafood and chocolate |
| S (or Sulfur) | Stabilize proteins, used to make insulin; deficiency is unknown |
| Toxicity of S | Suppress growth, affects children more than adult |
| Sources of S | Meat, milk, nuts and beans |
Created by:
Futuredoctor09
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