Fluid and Electrolytes
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| Body Fluids Consist of | water chemicals electrolytes acids bases
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| Electrolytes are: | substances that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in fluid
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| Acids are substances that release ___ into fluid. | Hydrogen
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| ___ are substances that bind with hydrogen. | Bases
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| The delicate balance of fluids, electrolytes, acids, and bases is ensured by an adequate intake of __ and ___ | water nutrients
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| About __% of the adult human body is water. | 60
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| Most body water is located ____. | intracellular (within cell)
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| Extracellular fluid includes the water between cells (___) and in the plasma portion of blood (___). | interstitial intravascular
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| In a healthy adult, oral fluid intake averages about ___ mL/day. The range is between ___ and ___mL/day. They will have the similar volume of fluid loss. | 2500 1800 3000
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| The primary sources of body fluid are ___ and ___. | food liquid
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| Examples of mechanisms of fluid loss: | bowel elimination perspiration breathing
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| Loses form sweat and the vapor in exhaled air are referred to as ___. | Insensible losses
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| Define translocation | movement back and forth of fluids and exchange of chemicals including electrolytes, acids, and bases
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| Osmosis | is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane, one that allows some but not all substances in a solution to pass through from a dilute are to a more concentrated area.
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| Colloids | large sized substances such as serum proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen) and blood cells, do not readily pass through cell and tissue membranes.
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| Colloids | they contribute to fluid concentration and act as a force for attracting water- a property referred to as colloidal osmotic pressure.
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| Example of osmosis | If the solute concentration is higher in the cell, water is drawn through the membrane into the cell from the interstitial space. The process continues until the concentration is the same (isotonic) on both sides of the membrane.
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| Filtration | promotes the movement of fluid and some dissolved substances through a semipermeable membrane according to pressure difference. It relocates water and chemicals from an area of high to low pressure
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| Example of Filtration | fluid is under higher pressure at the arterial end than at teh venous end of capillaries. Filtration causes the fluid and some dissolved substances to move into the interstitial space. Most of the water is then reabsorbed at the venous end of the capillar
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| Filtrations effects how the ____ | kidneys excrete fluid and wastes and then selectively reabsorbs water and other chemicals that need to be conserved.
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| The kidneys filter about ___ L of fluid from the blood each day; all but __ to __ L is reabsorbed. | 180 1 1.5
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| Passive Diffusion | is a physiologic process by which dissolved substances (electrolytes) move form an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
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| Passive diffusion, like ___, remains fairly static (unchanged) once equilibrium occurs. | Osmosis
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| Facilitated Diffusion | certain dissolved substances require assistance form a carrier molecule to pass through a semipermeable membrane.
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| Example of a Facilitated Diffusion is: | the carrier substance insulin facilitates the distrubution of glucose molecules inside cells
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| Active Transport | requires an energy source, a substance called ATP, to drive dissolved chemicals from an area of low to high concentration- the opposite of passive diffusion.
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| Example of Active Transport | is the Na-K pump system
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| Na-K pump system | its function is to move potassium from lower concentrations in the extracellular fluid into cells where potassium is highly concentrated. The pump also moves Na, which is in lower amounts in the cells, to extracellular fluid, where it is more abundant.
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| Metabolic disorders: | diminish ATP, such as hypoxia, seriously affect normal cellular functions by impairing the distribution of chemicals in intracellular and extracellular fluid.
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| Under normal conditions several mechanisms maintain normal fluid volume and electrolyte concentrations. They include: | osmoreceptors (the release or inhibition of antidiuretic hormones, the renin-angiotensisn-aldosterone system, and the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
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| ___ ____ is a general term describing any of several conditions in which the body's water is not in the proper volume or location. | Fluid Imbalance
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| Common fluid imbalances include: | hypovolemia, hypervolemia, and third spacing
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| Hypovolemia is a | fluid voluve deficit. It refers to a low volume of extracellular fluid. Dissolved chemical substances such as electrolytes are usually similarly depleted.
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| Those who are at risk for hypovolemia are: | lethargic depressed or vomiting have dementia have a fever difficulty swallowing diarrhea can't speak to communicate their needs eat poorly require assistance to drink because of weakness paralysis or limited range of motion take diuretics,
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| Dehydration | results when the volume of body fluid is significantly reduced in both extracellular and intracellular compartments.
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| In _____, all fluid compartmetns have decreased volumes, in ____ only blood volume is low. | dehydration hypovolemia
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| The most common fluid imbalance in older adults is | dehydration
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| Factors that contribute to hypovolemia | inadequate fluid intake fluid loss in excess of fluid intake such as with hemorrhage; Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea; wound loss (as with burn injury); or profuse urination or perspiration and translocaiton of fluid to compartments wher it is trap
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| When ____ volume is decreased, blood pressure falls and the heart compensates by increasing the heart rate to maintain adequate cardiac output. | circulatory
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| __ falls with postural changes, or it may beoome severely lowered when blood is rapidly lost. | Blood pressure
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| _____ a high ratio of blood components in realation to watery plasma, increaes the potenitial for blood clots and urinary stones and compromises the kidney's ability to excrete nitrogen waste. | Hemoconcentration
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| Hypovolemia eventually ___ intracellular fluid which can affect cellular functions. | depletes
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| Hypotonic cell | big cell, little extracellular fluid
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| Hypertonic Cell | small cell, lots of extracellular fluid
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| When ____ volume is decreased, blood pressure falls and the heart compensates by increasing the heart rate to maintain adequate cardiac output. | circulatory
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| __ falls with postural changes, or it may beoome severely lowered when blood is rapidly lost. | Blood pressure
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| _____ a high ratio of blood components in realation to watery plasma, increaes the potenitial for blood clots and urinary stones and compromises the kidney's ability to excrete nitrogen waste. | Hemoconcentration
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| Hypovolemia eventually ___ intracellular fluid which can affect cellular functions. | depletes
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| Hypotonic cell | big cell, little extracellular fluid
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| Hypertonic Cell | small cell, lots of extracellular fluid
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| Fluid and Electrolyte Balance is maintained by intricate and complicated ___ ____ | homeostatic mechanisms
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| Homeostasis | relative constancy in the internal environment of the body naturally maintained by adaptive responses to promote health and survival all systems must be working together to keep things balanced
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| Percentage of water ____ with age | decreases
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| Infants and Children have higher percentage of fluids in _____ | interstitial space
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| Largest percentage of total body water in an adult is located in the _____ | intracellular fluid compartment
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| Infants, Children & the Elderly are at an ___ risk for complications from fluid loss | increased
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| Babies ___ very quickly | dehydrate
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| Body water is naturally supplied and replenished form 3 sources: | drinking water, consuming food, oxidizing nutrients during metabolism
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| Sensible losses | can be seen and are measurable
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| Insensible Losses | Go unnoticed and are un-measurable
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| Normal Fluuid Losses: | Bowel and urine elimination Diarrhea will cause more fluid loss Perspiration Breathing (hypo or hyperventilaton will cause an electrolyte problem) Exhaled air and perspiration
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| What will cause the most fluid loss | diarrhea
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| Input should = | output
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| As the body becomes concentrated | brain triggers thirst sensation person is stimulated to drink fluid as the fluid volume expands, kidneys excrete a proportionate volume of water Proper fluid/electrolyte balance is restored
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| Body fluid is located in __ general compartments | two (inside and outside the cell)
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| Intracellular | fluid inside cells
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| Extracellular | fluid outside cells
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| What are the two compartments of the extracellular | interstitial fluid intravascular fluid
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| Interstitial fluid | located in the tissue space between and around the cells (lymphatic fluid)
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| Intravascular Fluid | watery plasma/serum portion of blood
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| The movement and relocation of water and substances within the body fluid are governed by 5 physiologic processes that are: | osmosis filtration passive diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport
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| Osmosis | regulated teh distribution of fluid from one compartemtn to another shifts fluid from one compartment to anotehr according to CONCENTRATION MOVES FROM MORE DILUTE AREA TO MORE CONCENTRATED AREA
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| Filtration | promotes fluid movement through a semipermeable membrane according to pressure differences moves fluid form high to low pressure affects kidney excretion of fluid and wastes
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| Psssive Diffusion | when dissolved substances move form high to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane
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