Microbiology Vocabulary (exam #3)
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| chemotherapeutic agents | kill or inhibit organisms
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| antibiotics | derived from living things or synthetic
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| Paul Erlich | developed first chemotherapeutics that were used to treat syphyllis
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| narrow spectrum | antibiotic only kills a certain spectrum of organisms
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| therapeutic dose | dosage that kills an accurate amount of the organism
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| therapeutic index | the toxic dose divided by the therapautic dose-the greater the difference the better
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| side effects | effects drug has on host
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| classification | how the drug is grouped based on mechanism or mode of action
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| semisynthetic antibiotics | produced by living things but can also be man made slightly different
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| MIC | minimal inhibitory concentration; minimal concentration of an anti-microbial that inhibits growth
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| MLC | minimal lethal concentration; minimal concentration that is lethal to an organism
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| parenteral | anything not given orally
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| superinfection | when cells of the body become resistant to multiple antibiotics
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| broad spectrum antibiotics | kills a large range of organisms
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| pyrimidines | Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
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| purines | Adenine, Guanine
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| replication forks | start and end of DNA where the DNA is split
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| sense strand/template | the part of the DNA that is copied during transcription and RNA synthesis
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| transcription | cell makes a copy of a gene's DNA
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| translation | mRNA uses transcipted information to make proteins in the ribosomes
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| codon | base triplets that code for an amino acid
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| anticodon triplet | puts the amino acids in the correct order
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| gene regulation | process the the cell using certain genes when needed; however a repressor gene can switch the gene off when not needed
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| genome | total DNA and its order of bases
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| bioinformatics | study of how the sequence of genes affects biological activity
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| medical genomics | studies the effect of the sequence of genes on the disease process
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| proteonics | identifying and studying the proteins encoded by genes
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| clone | population of genetically identical cells; similar to a pure culture
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| chromosome | DNA strand containing the genetic information for the cell
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| mutation | permanent change in the bacterial chromosome
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| genotype | all of the genes in the genome
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| phenotype | observable expressions of the genotype
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| plasmids | additional piece of DNA not attached to the chrmosome; usually responsible for srug resistance and toxin production (2% of genetic information)
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| morphological mutation | visible mutation
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| lethal mutation | mutation causing death
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| conditional mutation | mutation only evident under certain circumstances
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| biochemical mutation | mutation that changes the biochemistry of the cell
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| auxotrophs | mutated organism that needs supplements to survive; fastidious
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| prototrophs | mutated organism that doesn't require any supplements to survive; wild-type
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| transposons | "jumping genes" that don't code for genes but interrupt or change them
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| point mutation | one base pair is not correct
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| silent mutation | change did not affect the gene
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| missense mutation | one amino acid is replaced for another; may or may not change the function of a protein
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| Ames test | test used to screen for mutagenic substances using Salmonella typhimurium
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| gentic engineering | changing the genome using recombinent DNA; reorganizes the DNA
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| restriction endonucleases | enzymes from bacteria that cut DNA and create "sticky ends" so that other DNA can be attached
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| biotechnology | manipulation of genes to form certain outcomes
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| DNA ligases | puts the "sticky ends" of DNA back together with other bases
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| hGH | human growth hormone
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| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator
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| transgenic organisms | organisms purposely given certain DNA to serve a purpose
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| infection | parasitic organism is growing in or in the host;may or may not be casing an infectious disease
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| pathogen | organism that produces disease
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| toxigenicity | the organisms ability to produce damaging chemicals
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| LD50 | lethal dose of the fatal organism that will cause disease in 50% of infected population
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| ID50 | infectious dose that establishes disease in 50% of infected population
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| transmissibility | ability of disease to be transferred from one host to another
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| vector | an organism that transports a disease from one host to another
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| fomite | an inanimate object that transports disease
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| attachment & colonization | organisms ability to get inside the host and attach and colonize
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| invasion | organisms must find a way past the surface of the body; enhanced by virulence factors such as special enzymes or toxins. Can be passive i.e. mosquitoes
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| septicema | a generalized infection of the blood
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| infection | organism has become attched inside the body
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| intoxication | toxin produced by an organism that has gotten inside the body
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| toxin | product from an organism that causes harm to a host; usually a protein
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| toxemia | a toxin in the blood stream
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| endotoxin | LPS in gram negative bacteria
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| exotoxin | toxin excreted by the bacteria
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| antitoxin | antibodies against a particular toxin
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| toxoid | a chmical modification to a toxin so that it won't hurt the body but will still provide immunity
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| neurotoxin | a toxin that affects the nervous system
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| enterotoxin | a toxin that affects the digestive system
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| cytotoxin | a toxin that affects the cellular system
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| immunity | ability to resist
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| immune response | actions to defend
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| immunology | immune system and its responses
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| aquired immunity | exposure to some foreign antigen
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| natural active aquired immunity | body is exposed to disease
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| natural passive aquired immunity | antibodies passed through placenta or colustrum
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| artificially active aquired immunity | vaccination
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| artificially passive aquired immunity | injection of antibodies while you have the disease
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| attenuated vaccine | a virus that has been weakened is given to cause a mild case of the virus and the body produces antibodies against it
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| killed vaccine | killed virus is injected
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| toxoid vaccine | toxin of the pathogen is altered then injected to stimulate the immune system
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| subunit vaccine | portion of an organism is injected for an immune response
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| lymphocytes | mediators of specific immunity that are derived from stem cells found in bone marrow
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| natural killer cells | neither T nor B cells, but also come from lymphocytes in bone marrow; destroy tumor, virus, and parasitic cells
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| B lymphocytes | newly created B cell for a newly introduced pathogen
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| plasma cells | B cell that has been created from a disease already seen by the body
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| cytotoxic T cell | lyse target cells
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| helper T cell | assist B cells in their response; stimulate the cell-mediated response
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| humoral immunity | antibodies that are in blood,lymph, and other fluids that are most effective against toxins, bacteria, and viruses
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| cell mediated immunity | attacks host cells that have been altered; effective against viruses, neoantiogens, or any foreign cells
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| antigen | anything that stimulates the body to produce antibodies
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| antibody | a specific molecule produced by the body against an antigen
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| self vs. nonself | an individuals cells specific to him or her
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| cytokines | chemicals in the immune system that send out chemical signals as a way of communication
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| interferons | chemicals that diffuse into neighboring cells that protect and inhibit synthesis of unwanted viral RNA and DNA
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| superantigens | bacterial proteins that overstimulates the immune system
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| hypersensitivity | exaggerated immune response that appears on the second or subsequent contact with an antigen
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| mutagen | anything that damages DNA
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| thermocycler | performs polymerase chain reaction and makes probes
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| probe | half strands of DNA containing radioactive atoms; the probe will bind to complementary regions of the DNA and show up on film
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| gene therapy | cells of an individual with a genetic disease are treated and reseeded into the body
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| antibody titer | usually reaches maximum in about 3 weeks; secondary antibody response is much quicker and has more affinity
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| TSS toxin-1/ exfoliative toxin | types of superantigen proteins that overstimulate the immune system
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