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Micrbiology Exam 3
Microbiology Vocabulary (exam #3)
| Term | Description |
|---|---|
| chemotherapeutic agents | kill or inhibit organisms |
| antibiotics | derived from living things or synthetic |
| Paul Erlich | developed first chemotherapeutics that were used to treat syphyllis |
| narrow spectrum | antibiotic only kills a certain spectrum of organisms |
| therapeutic dose | dosage that kills an accurate amount of the organism |
| therapeutic index | the toxic dose divided by the therapautic dose-the greater the difference the better |
| side effects | effects drug has on host |
| classification | how the drug is grouped based on mechanism or mode of action |
| semisynthetic antibiotics | produced by living things but can also be man made slightly different |
| MIC | minimal inhibitory concentration; minimal concentration of an anti-microbial that inhibits growth |
| MLC | minimal lethal concentration; minimal concentration that is lethal to an organism |
| parenteral | anything not given orally |
| superinfection | when cells of the body become resistant to multiple antibiotics |
| broad spectrum antibiotics | kills a large range of organisms |
| pyrimidines | Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
| purines | Adenine, Guanine |
| replication forks | start and end of DNA where the DNA is split |
| sense strand/template | the part of the DNA that is copied during transcription and RNA synthesis |
| transcription | cell makes a copy of a gene's DNA |
| translation | mRNA uses transcipted information to make proteins in the ribosomes |
| codon | base triplets that code for an amino acid |
| anticodon triplet | puts the amino acids in the correct order |
| gene regulation | process the the cell using certain genes when needed; however a repressor gene can switch the gene off when not needed |
| genome | total DNA and its order of bases |
| bioinformatics | study of how the sequence of genes affects biological activity |
| medical genomics | studies the effect of the sequence of genes on the disease process |
| proteonics | identifying and studying the proteins encoded by genes |
| clone | population of genetically identical cells; similar to a pure culture |
| chromosome | DNA strand containing the genetic information for the cell |
| mutation | permanent change in the bacterial chromosome |
| genotype | all of the genes in the genome |
| phenotype | observable expressions of the genotype |
| plasmids | additional piece of DNA not attached to the chrmosome; usually responsible for srug resistance and toxin production (2% of genetic information) |
| morphological mutation | visible mutation |
| lethal mutation | mutation causing death |
| conditional mutation | mutation only evident under certain circumstances |
| biochemical mutation | mutation that changes the biochemistry of the cell |
| auxotrophs | mutated organism that needs supplements to survive; fastidious |
| prototrophs | mutated organism that doesn't require any supplements to survive; wild-type |
| transposons | "jumping genes" that don't code for genes but interrupt or change them |
| point mutation | one base pair is not correct |
| silent mutation | change did not affect the gene |
| missense mutation | one amino acid is replaced for another; may or may not change the function of a protein |
| Ames test | test used to screen for mutagenic substances using Salmonella typhimurium |
| gentic engineering | changing the genome using recombinent DNA; reorganizes the DNA |
| restriction endonucleases | enzymes from bacteria that cut DNA and create "sticky ends" so that other DNA can be attached |
| biotechnology | manipulation of genes to form certain outcomes |
| DNA ligases | puts the "sticky ends" of DNA back together with other bases |
| hGH | human growth hormone |
| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator |
| transgenic organisms | organisms purposely given certain DNA to serve a purpose |
| infection | parasitic organism is growing in or in the host;may or may not be casing an infectious disease |
| pathogen | organism that produces disease |
| toxigenicity | the organisms ability to produce damaging chemicals |
| LD50 | lethal dose of the fatal organism that will cause disease in 50% of infected population |
| ID50 | infectious dose that establishes disease in 50% of infected population |
| transmissibility | ability of disease to be transferred from one host to another |
| vector | an organism that transports a disease from one host to another |
| fomite | an inanimate object that transports disease |
| attachment & colonization | organisms ability to get inside the host and attach and colonize |
| invasion | organisms must find a way past the surface of the body; enhanced by virulence factors such as special enzymes or toxins. Can be passive i.e. mosquitoes |
| septicema | a generalized infection of the blood |
| infection | organism has become attched inside the body |
| intoxication | toxin produced by an organism that has gotten inside the body |
| toxin | product from an organism that causes harm to a host; usually a protein |
| toxemia | a toxin in the blood stream |
| endotoxin | LPS in gram negative bacteria |
| exotoxin | toxin excreted by the bacteria |
| antitoxin | antibodies against a particular toxin |
| toxoid | a chmical modification to a toxin so that it won't hurt the body but will still provide immunity |
| neurotoxin | a toxin that affects the nervous system |
| enterotoxin | a toxin that affects the digestive system |
| cytotoxin | a toxin that affects the cellular system |
| immunity | ability to resist |
| immune response | actions to defend |
| immunology | immune system and its responses |
| aquired immunity | exposure to some foreign antigen |
| natural active aquired immunity | body is exposed to disease |
| natural passive aquired immunity | antibodies passed through placenta or colustrum |
| artificially active aquired immunity | vaccination |
| artificially passive aquired immunity | injection of antibodies while you have the disease |
| attenuated vaccine | a virus that has been weakened is given to cause a mild case of the virus and the body produces antibodies against it |
| killed vaccine | killed virus is injected |
| toxoid vaccine | toxin of the pathogen is altered then injected to stimulate the immune system |
| subunit vaccine | portion of an organism is injected for an immune response |
| lymphocytes | mediators of specific immunity that are derived from stem cells found in bone marrow |
| natural killer cells | neither T nor B cells, but also come from lymphocytes in bone marrow; destroy tumor, virus, and parasitic cells |
| B lymphocytes | newly created B cell for a newly introduced pathogen |
| plasma cells | B cell that has been created from a disease already seen by the body |
| cytotoxic T cell | lyse target cells |
| helper T cell | assist B cells in their response; stimulate the cell-mediated response |
| humoral immunity | antibodies that are in blood,lymph, and other fluids that are most effective against toxins, bacteria, and viruses |
| cell mediated immunity | attacks host cells that have been altered; effective against viruses, neoantiogens, or any foreign cells |
| antigen | anything that stimulates the body to produce antibodies |
| antibody | a specific molecule produced by the body against an antigen |
| self vs. nonself | an individuals cells specific to him or her |
| cytokines | chemicals in the immune system that send out chemical signals as a way of communication |
| interferons | chemicals that diffuse into neighboring cells that protect and inhibit synthesis of unwanted viral RNA and DNA |
| superantigens | bacterial proteins that overstimulates the immune system |
| hypersensitivity | exaggerated immune response that appears on the second or subsequent contact with an antigen |
| mutagen | anything that damages DNA |
| thermocycler | performs polymerase chain reaction and makes probes |
| probe | half strands of DNA containing radioactive atoms; the probe will bind to complementary regions of the DNA and show up on film |
| gene therapy | cells of an individual with a genetic disease are treated and reseeded into the body |
| antibody titer | usually reaches maximum in about 3 weeks; secondary antibody response is much quicker and has more affinity |
| TSS toxin-1/ exfoliative toxin | types of superantigen proteins that overstimulate the immune system |
Created by:
rsg175
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