Vocabulary terms for the ES Regents exam 2025
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Abrasion | show 🗑
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Absolute Dating | show 🗑
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show | Forces that are set in motion by gravity that
causes sediments to move.
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Air Currents | show 🗑
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Air Mass | show 🗑
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Air Pressure | show 🗑
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Altitude | show 🗑
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show | An instrument used to measure the speed
of the wind.
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show | A partially melted layer that allows for parts
of the lithosphere to move.
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show | A region between Mars and Jupiter where most
of the asteroids are found orbiting the Sun.
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show | The study of Earth’s motions and celestial
objects in outer space.
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show | Layer of gases that surround Earth or any other
planet.
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show | Angular distance along the horizon measured
from due north.
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Banding | show 🗑
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show | An instrument used to measure atmospheric
pressure.
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Big Bang | show 🗑
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Bioclastic | show 🗑
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Celestial Object | show 🗑
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show | The act or process of holding sediment or
pieces of rock together.
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Chemical Weathering | show 🗑
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Circle | show 🗑
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Clastic | show 🗑
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Cleavage | show 🗑
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show | Overall view of a regions weather conditions over
a long time span.
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Climatology | show 🗑
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show | An instrument that is used to measure an incline.
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show | A boundary where more dense cold air advances
under less dense warm air pushing it up.
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show | A small particle that remains suspended
indefinitely.
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show | The consolidation of sediments resulting from
the weight of overlying deposits.
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show | The process which atmospheric water vapor
turns into precipitation [gas to a liquid].
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show | Localized metamorphism resulting from the heat
of an igneous intrusion.
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Continental Drift | show 🗑
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show | Huge sheets of ice that cover entire land
masses
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Contour Index | show 🗑
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show | The difference in elevation between two side by
side contour lines.
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show | Lines drawn on a map that connect equal points
of elevation.
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Convection | show 🗑
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Convergent Boundary | show 🗑
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show | A system which uses one or more numbers to
locate a position.
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show | The tendency of particles to be deflected from a
straight line.
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Correlation | show 🗑
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show | Figure of the moon resembling a segment of a
ring tapering to points at the ends.
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show | A naturally occurring solid that is formed as
and composed of crystals.
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show | A repeating pattern that occurs over and over
again.
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show | The degree of compactness of a substance
which is the ratio of mass to its volume.
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Dependent Variable | show 🗑
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Deposition | show 🗑
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Depression Contours | show 🗑
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show | The temperature at which air must be cooled
for water vapor to condense.
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Direct Relationship | show 🗑
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show | Boundary where two lithospheric plates are
moving apart.
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Drumlin | show 🗑
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show | A natural shaking of the lithosphere caused by a
release of energy stored in rocks.
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Eccentricity | show 🗑
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Ecology | show 🗑
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show | Energy that is radiated through space in the
forms of transverse waves.
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Element | show 🗑
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Elevation | show 🗑
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Ellipse | show 🗑
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Eon | show 🗑
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Epicenter | show 🗑
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show | A division of time that is a subdivision of a period
that is based on fossil records.
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Equator | show 🗑
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show | A major division of time that is a subdivision of
an eon and is based on fossil records.
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Erosion | show 🗑
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Erratics | show 🗑
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Esker | show 🗑
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show | The gradual development from a simple to a
more complex form.
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show | The state or process of a species no longer
existing.
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Extrapolate | show 🗑
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show | A type of igneous rock that forms on the outside
of Earth’s surface.
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Fault | show 🗑
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Felsic | show 🗑
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show | A region with a measurable quantity at all locations.
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show | The depth at which an earthquake originates.
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show | The two fixed center points of an ellipse.
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Focus | show 🗑
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Foliation | show 🗑
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Fossil | show 🗑
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show | A texture that causes minerals to break
irregularly or unevenly.
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Frost Action | show 🗑
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Full Moon | show 🗑
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show | A collection of billions of stars and various
amounts of gas held together by gravity.
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Geocentric Universe | show 🗑
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show | The study of the rocky portion of Earth.
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Geographic Poles | show 🗑
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Glacial Grooves | show 🗑
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Glacier | show 🗑
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show | Any moon that appears more than half
lighted but less than full.
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show | A tree fossil that is found in South American
and Africa, India and Antarctica.
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show | A slope that is calculated by dividing the
change in field value divided by the distance.
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show | The trapping of the sun's heat energy in a
planet's lower atmosphere.
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show | The time required for half of a radioactive
product to decay to a stable product.
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Hardness | show 🗑
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show | A model of the solar system where the Sun
is at the center.
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show | Fair weather with wind patterns that are
outward and clockwise.
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show | The edge of the visible portion of the
celestial sphere.
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Horizontal Sorting | show 🗑
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H-R Diagram | show 🗑
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Hurricane | show 🗑
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show | The study of Earth’s fresh water system in
relation to land.
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show | A layer of Earth above the lithosphere that is in
the liquid phase.
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Igneous Rock | show 🗑
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Independent Variable | show 🗑
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show | Fossil used to define and identify geologic
periods.
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show | The process which water penetrates into
soil or rock.
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Inner Core | show 🗑
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show | Term to describe incoming solar radiation from
the Sun [sunlight].
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Intrusion | show 🗑
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show | Igneous rock that forms deep inside of Earth.
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Inverse Relationship | show 🗑
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show | A curved belt of volcanic islands lying above a
subduction zone.
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Isobar | show 🗑
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Isoline | show 🗑
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Isotherm | show 🗑
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show | Variations of an element that have the same
atomic number but differing atomic masses.
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show | Lines that are drawn on a map that connect
all equal points of rainfall amounts.
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show | The outer gaseous planet with larger
diameters and lower densities.
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Kettle Lake | show 🗑
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show | A collection of landforms, such as mountains,
hills, plains, and plateaus
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Latitude | show 🗑
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show | Molten rock that is outside the Earth.
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show | On or toward the side sheltered from the wind or
toward which the wind is blowing.
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show | A unit of astronomical distance equivalent to the
distance that light travels in one year.
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Lithification | show 🗑
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Lithosphere | show 🗑
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show | Ocean current that flows parallel and close to
the shore.
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Lowlands | show 🗑
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Low Pressure | show 🗑
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Luminosity | show 🗑
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show | The shine of an unweathered mineral or the way
it looks in reflected light.
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show | Dark colored rocks that have a high iron [Fe] or
magnesium (Mg) content.
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show | Molten rock inside the Earth.
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show | Star classification not the H-R Diagram where
most stars spend their stellar lives.
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show | The longest straight lined distance across an
ellipse.
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Mantle | show 🗑
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Map | show 🗑
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show | The amount of matter in an object.
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show | The pulling of rock and sediment downhill by the
force of gravity.
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Meander | show 🗑
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Mesosaurus | show 🗑
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show | The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's
surface based on observations.
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show | Rocks that have been altered by an increases in
temperature and pressure.
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Meteorology | show 🗑
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Mid-Ocean Ridge | show 🗑
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show | Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite
structure where atoms are in a repeating pattern.
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MOHO | show 🗑
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show | A body that orbits a planet or asteroid as they
orbit the Sun.
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Mountain | show 🗑
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New Moon | show 🗑
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show | Type of metamorphic rock texture where there is
no mineral alignment.
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Nuclear Fusion | show 🗑
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show | The branch of science that deals with the
physical and biological properties of the ocean.
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show | The idea that rocks are deposited in parallel
layers to Earth’s surface.
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Orographic Effect | show 🗑
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Outer Core | show 🗑
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show | The outpouring of gases from the earth's interior
that collected in the atmosphere.
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Outwash Plain | show 🗑
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Oxidation | show 🗑
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show | The fastest earthquake wave that travels through
the earth [compressional].
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Pangaea | show 🗑
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Parent Rock | show 🗑
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show | The breakdown of rock into smaller pieces
without chemical change.
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Planet | show 🗑
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Plains | show 🗑
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show | Section of the lithosphere that move due to
convection currents.
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Plate Tectonics | show 🗑
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Plateau | show 🗑
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Plutonic Rock | show 🗑
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Polar Star | show 🗑
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show | Wind from the direction that is predominant at a
particular place or season.
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show | The main reference line of longitude [0°] that
runs through Greenwich, England.
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show | Landscape that is of lower elevation.
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show | Balancing out of incoming and outgoing radiation.
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show | The disintegration of an isotope over time that
enables dating.
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Rainshadow Effect | show 🗑
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show | The speed at which a variable changes over a
specific period of time.
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show | The act of a rock crystallizing again.
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Regional Metamorphism | show 🗑
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Relative Dating | show 🗑
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Relative Humidity | show 🗑
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show | The motion of one body around another in an
orbit.
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show | Isolated belt around the Pacific Ocean where
90% of the world’s volcanoes exist.
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Rock | show 🗑
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Rotation | show 🗑
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show | The slower earthquake wave that travels through
the earth (shear).
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Saffir-Simpson Scale | show 🗑
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show | The process where ocean floor is extended
when two plates move apart.
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show | Rock type from an accumulation of sediment
from preexisting rocks and/or organic material.
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show | Smaller pieces of rock that have undergone
weathering.
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Seismogram | show 🗑
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Seismograph | show 🗑
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show | An instrument used to measure dew point and
relative humidity.
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show | All the objects that orbit the Sun under its
gravitational influence.
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Soluble | show 🗑
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Source Region | show 🗑
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show | Prevailing winds between 30° N and 60° N.
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Stable Product | show 🗑
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Star | show 🗑
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Station Model | show 🗑
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Storm Surge | show 🗑
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show | The path that a hurricane takes.
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show | The color of finely crushed powder when a
mineral is dragged across a porcelain plate.
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show | Running water that is confined to a channel.
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show | The process where one plate is pushed below
another and consumed in the mantle.
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show | A spot appearing on the Sun's surface, usually
darker by contrast than its surroundings.
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Superposition | show 🗑
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Suspension | show 🗑
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Temperature | show 🗑
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show | A mound of till deposited along the leading edge
of a glacier
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Terrestrial Planet | show 🗑
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show | An instrument used to measure temperature at a
specific location.
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show | A model of an elevation field of Earth’s surface.
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show | A side view of a geologic feature.
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Tornado | show 🗑
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show | Prevailing winds between 30° N and 0°.
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Transform Boundary | show 🗑
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Tributary | show 🗑
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show | Low pressure that produces sustained circular
winds below 39 mph.
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Tropical Storm | show 🗑
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U-Shaped Valley | show 🗑
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show | A break in the rock record or sequence that
usually occurs from erosion.
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Uniformitarianism | show 🗑
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show | All the space, matter, and energy in existence.
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Unstable Product | show 🗑
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show | Shape of valley walls from stream erosion.
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Valley Glacier | show 🗑
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Vesicular | show 🗑
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show | Rock that formed on Earth’s surface.
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Volcano | show 🗑
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Volume | show 🗑
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Waning Moon | show 🗑
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show | A boundary where less dense warm air
advances over top of more dense cold air.
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show | When the moon increases in size and
becomes more brilliant.
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Weather | show 🗑
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show | An instrument used to measure wind direction.
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show | The breakdown of rock at or near Earth’s surface.
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show | The effect of gravity on weight.
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Wind | show 🗑
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show | The side or direction from which the
wind is blowing
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Zenith | show 🗑
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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