Section 1 + 2
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| Define Ecology | The study of how organisms interact with EACH OTHER + THE ENVIRONMENT
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| List the levels of Organization: Largest to Smallest | Biosphere, Biome, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism
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| Define Biosphere | All of Earth
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| Define Biome | Areas of the biosphere that have the same plants
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| Define Ecosystem | Includes both Biotic(living) + Abiotic(non-living) parts of a biome
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| Define Community | Biotic factors ONLY
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| Define Population | Same species (all the frogs)
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| Define Organism | 1 individual
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| What are the 2 types of Population Characteristics | Density and Distribution
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| Define Density | How many are in the population
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| Define Distribution | Where they are located
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| What are the 3 types of Distribution? | Random, Uniform, and Clumped
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| *Random is scattered* **Uniform is like rows of desks in a classroom* *Clumped are the students in each class room around the school* |
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| What are two types of Population Growth Factors? | Density-dependent Factors and Density-independent Factors
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| Define Density-dependent Factors | These DEPEND on # in the population
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| List examples of Density-dependent Factors | Food, space, # of predators, spread of disease
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| Define Density-independent Factors | DO NOT depend on # in the population
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| List examples of Density-independent Factors | Temp, Rain, Fire
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| What are the two types of Population Growth Curve? | Exponential Growth Curve and Logistic Growth Curve
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| **Exponential Growth Curve looks like a curve straight up** **Conditions have to be perfect in order for this to happen* |
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| List the stages of a Logistic Growth Curve | Lag Phase, Exponential Phase, Carrying Capacity, and Steady state
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| Define and describe the lag phase | Making sure it's OK to have babies
*Looks like a straight horizontal line*
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| Define and describe Exponential Phase | Fast increase in population #
*Steap Diagonal Line*
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| Define and describe Carrying Capacity | The # of organisms an environment can support
*Looks like a straight horizontal line*
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| Define and describe Steady State | Hover around Carrying Capacity
*Looks like a even squiggle*
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| Why is lag phase important? | It allows the animals to determine if it's ok to have babies so they don't waste energy not knowing if the baby will survive
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| **We humans, have a lag stage for about 18 years because we are not fit and aren't READY for a baby** |
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| *If asked for carrying capacity, and give steady state, split it through the center, that is the carrying capacity** |
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| Birth=death: Population stays the same They cancel out |
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| Birth>death: Population increases |
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| Birth<death: Population decreases |
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| Habitat = Environment |
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| Define Niche | Organism's JOB or ROLE
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| Example of Niche | Fungi are Decomposers which is their JOB
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| Define Predator | Chases, kills, and Eats prey
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| Define Prey | Get chased, killed, + eaten
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| Define Symbiosis | ANY relationship between organisms (have to be different species)
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| Define Mutualism | BOTH organism benefit
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| List Examples of Mutualism | Human + Bacteria in intestines
Rhino + bird
Plants + mycorrhizal fungi (fungi that grows on plant roots)
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| Define Parasitism | One Benefits(parasite), one gets hurt(host)
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| List Examples of Parasitism | Human + Strep bacteria
Lamprey + Fish
Human + Fungi(Ringworm, Athlete's foot)
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| Define Commensalism | One is happy(benefiting) + one does not care
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| List Examples of Commensalism | Shark + Remora Fish
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| What are the 3 types of Symbiosis | Mutualism, Parasitism, and Commensalism
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| How is a Rhino and bird an example of Mutualism | Bird is supplied with a unlimited supply of food(bugs) and Rhino is free of any bugs
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| How is a Lamprey + Fish an example of Parasitism | A lamprey sucks blood from the fish which supplies the lamprey with glucose but harms the fish
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| How is a Shark + Remora Fish an example of Commensalism | A Remora fish follows around a shark so it can pick up the sharks' scraps, it helps out the remora supplying it with food while the shark doesn't care
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| What is another name for a food chain? | "Trophic" Chain
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| Define "Trophic" | Food
(Autotroph/Heterotroph)
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| List order of the food chain | Primary Producer--> Primary Consumer--> Secondary C. --> Tertiary C.
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| Primary Producers are always Heterotroph or autotroph? | Autotroph
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| How do primary producers get their energy if they are the first? | Gets their energy from the sun using photosynthesis
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| **Note* TC eats SC, SC eats PC, PC eats PP |
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| Is Primary Consumer a Carnivore or Herbivore? | Herbivore
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| Is Secondary Consumer a Carnivore or Herbivore? | Carnivore
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| Is Tertiary Consumer a Carnivore or Herbivore? | Carnivore
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| Define Herbivore | Eats plants ONLY
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| Define Carnivore | Eats meat ONLY
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| Define Omnivore | Eats plants AND meat
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| Define Decomposers/Scavengers | Return nutrients to environment
(Keeps things going)
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| Grass-> Mouse-> Snake-> Hawk Which organism is a primary producer? | Grass
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| Grass-> Mouse-> Snake-> Hawk Which organism is a primary consumer? | Mouse
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| Grass-> Mouse-> Snake-> Hawk Which organism is a secondary consumer? | Snake
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| Grass-> Mouse-> Snake-> Hawk Which organism is a Tertiary consumer? | Hawk
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| Grass-> Mouse-> Snake-> Hawk Which organism is an Autotroph? | Grass
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| Grass-> Mouse-> Snake-> Hawk Which organism is a Herbivore? | Mouse
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| Grass-> Mouse-> Snake-> Hawk Which organism is a Carnivore? | Snake and Hawk
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| **Only 10% of the energy at 1 trophic level moves to the next level* |
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| In a food chain, if grass starts with 1,000,000 calories, how much is moved on to a mouse? | 100,000 calories
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| In a food chain, if a Mouse has 100,000 calories, how much is moved on to a snake? | 10,000 calories
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| In a food chain, if a Snake has 10,000 calories, how much is moved on to a hawk? | 1,000 calories
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| **The tertiary consumer always has the least energy or any of something** |
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| **The Primary producer always has the most energy or any of something** |
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| List the 6 Land Biomes | Tundra, Grassland, Taiga, Deciduous forest, Rainforest, and Desert
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| List the characteristics of the Tundra Biome | Permafrost(permanently frozen), Moss
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| List the characteristics of the Grassland Biome | Grass(Climax Community)
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| List the characteristics of the Taiga Biome | Coniferous forest(shrubs, grass, conifers)
(No Deciduous trees can grow)
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| List the characteristics of the Deciduous Forest Biome | Our Biome(grows everything)
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| List the characteristics of the Rainforest Biome | More life than any biome, hot, wet
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| List the characteristics of the Desert Biome | Hot, Dry, Thick Cuticle(to keep water from being evaporated)
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| List the three Biogeochemical Cycles: | Nitrogen Cycle, Water Cycle, and O2/CO2
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| What are the 2 types of Ecological Succession? | Primary and Secondary Succession
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| Define Succession | When one community gets replaced by another
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| Example of Succession Grass-> Shrubs->Conifers(Gymno Cones)-> Deciduous Trees(leaves fall off) |
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| Define Climax Community | Final Stable Community
**Some environment can't grow trees, or certain plants, that is where it stops, and the last thing it can grow is its CLIMAX COMMUNITY*
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| Define Primary Succession | Starts w/ rock.
Rocks have to be broken down into soil first
(Lichen/Moss= Pioneer Species)
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| **Moss takes moisture out of rock, breaking it down** |
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| Define Secondary Succession | Starts w/ soil
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| In Primary Succession how is rock broken down | It is broken down by Lichen/Moss and turned into soil
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| List the 3 water Biomes | Fresh water, Salt water, Estuary
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| List examples of a fresh water biome | Rivers, lakes, streams
(drinking water)
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| List examples of a salt water biome | Ocean, Sea, "Marine"
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| Define Estuary biome | Where fresh + salt water meet
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| List example of an Estuary Biome | Chesapeake Bay
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| Define Bay | Salt + Fresh water near by
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| **More food chains are in estuary than in the deep ocean** |
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| Why are there more food chains in an estuary than in the deep ocean? | Because bays are shallow, meaning there are more Primary producers because there are more sunlight
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| **Bays are shallow enough for sun to reach bottom, which Primary producers need* |
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| Define Chemosynthesis | Bacteria use hydrogen sulfide from deep ocean vents to produce glucose
(Becomes producers in food chain w/o light)
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| What are the 2 steps of finding the population of a population grid? | Step 1: AVERAGE(MEAN) of the numbers you are given
Step 2: MULTIPLY the AVERAGE and number of boxes in the grid to get final population estimation
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| Ecology is the study of how_____interact with________ | Living things/habitats
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| What one factor do Biomes have in common? | Plants
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| What are the first 2 important facts scientists try to find out about a population? | Distribution and Density
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| An organism job in the environment is called it's_______? | Niche
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| If a population is equal to 500 and the birthrate equals 30 and the deathrate equals 40, what will happen to the overall population number? | Decrease
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| If conditions in an environment are perfect forever, what type of population growth curve will occur? | Exponential
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| You and your pet puppy are an example of what? | Mutualism
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| When an insect helps to pollinate a flower, the insect gets nectar from the flower for food. Which of these is the host? | Neither
(this is mutualism, it can only be a host if it was parasitism)
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| If a field can only feed and house 35 mice, then 35 would be _________ of that habitat. | Carrying Capacity
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| Areas with the same Climax Community are in the same _______ | biome
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| Abiotic and biotic factors in the environment make up the _______________ | Ecosystem
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| Density-dependent or Density-independent Nutrients | Density-dependent
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| Density-dependent or Density-independent Crowding | Density-dependent
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| Density-dependent or Density-independent Drought | Density-independent
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| Density-dependent or Density-independent Competition | Density-dependent
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| Density-dependent or Density-independent Stress | Density-dependent
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| Name the part of the logistic curve that is being described: Fast growth with few deaths | Exponential Phase
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| Name the part of the logistic curve that is being described: Initial slow growth | Lag Phase
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| Name the part of the logistic curve that is being described: Number of organisms the environment can support | Carrying Capacity
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| Name the part of the logistic curve that is being described: Population rises and falls slightly continuously | Steady State
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| Population=600 Birthrate=50 Death rate= 40 What happens to overall population? | Will increase
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| If for some reason the birthrate of a population suddenly decreases, what will happen to the overall population? | Will decrease
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| If a population gets much larger than the carrying capacity, what will happen? | The environment won't be able to support them, so the weak die.
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| Name and define 3 examples of symbiosis | Commensalism-Ones benefits, one doesn't care
Mutalism-Both benefit
Parasitism- One Benefits, one is harmed
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| Put in order: Primary Consumer, Primary Producer, Secondary consumer, Sun, Tertiary consumer | Sun, Primary Producer, Primary Consumer, Secondary Consumer, and Tertiary Consumer
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| what % of the sun's energy gets used? | 10%
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| List 3 Biogeochemical cycles and tell what processes cause them to occur. | Nitrogen Cycle- caused by Nitrogen Fixation
Water Cycle- caused by Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation
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| Primary succesion starts from _____ | a rock
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| What species is usually a pioneer species? | Moss/Lichen
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| How much energy from one trophic level goes to the next trophic level? | 10%
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| The final stable community that is in an ecosystem is called the _____ community | Climax
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| Which type of succession starts with soil? | Secondary
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| Which of the following is considered to be a "pioneer species"? | Lichen
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| Which biome has conifers as it's Climax community? | Taiga
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| Which Biome has plants with thickest cuticle? | Desert
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| Which of the following Biomes do we live in? | Deciduous
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| Which biome is called "Marine" environment? | Salt water
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| Why are there so many food chains in an estuary? | Autotrophs can get the sun
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| Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore, or Decomposer: Eats both plants and animals | Omnivore
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| Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore, or Decomposer: Eats dead stuff | Decomposer
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| Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore, or Decomposer: Eats plants only | Herbivore
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Created by:
Vivianleigh