Intro Rap Protection Week 2
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| The Law of ____ states that the radiosensitivity of living tissue is a function of the metabolism and maturation of that tissue. | Bergonie and Tribondeau
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| Tissue that are ___ with a ___ metabolic rate are more radiosensitive. | immature, high
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| ___ is a measure of the rate that energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue. | LET
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| As LET ____ the RBE____. | Increases, increases
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| A protracted dose of radiation is given | all at one short exposure
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| The LET of diagnostic x-rays is ___ keV/im. | 3.0
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| The RBE of diagnostic x-rays is equal to__. | 1
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| Tissue is ___ radiosensitive under high oxygen conditions and ___ radiosensitive under hypoxic conditions. | More, less
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| Fractionation and protraction are used for radiation therapy beacuse they allow the patient to | (All of the above) Recover between doses, have higher total doses, repair damaged tissues
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| Humans are most radiosensitve during. | Fetal stages
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| The possible beneficial effect of small amount of radiation is called | hormesis
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| A ___ response to radiation is directly proportional to the dose received. | Linear
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| If a response to radiation is expected no matter how small the dose, then that dose-response is | nonthreshold
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| Radiation-induced genetic damage follows a ___ dose-response relationship | linear-nonthreshold
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| The human dose-response relationship at low ranges of radiation is calculated using | extrapolation from high ranges
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| The most radiosensitive macromolecule is___ | DNA
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| The disassociation of water molecules following irradiation is termed___ | radiolysis
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| When an atom of water is irradiated, it first dissociates into | an ion pair
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| Two OH* free radicals can join to form____ molecules | Hydrogen peroxide
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| According to target theory, the target molecule of a cell is | the DNA in the nucleus
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| An indirect effect from ionizing radiation occurs on a ____ molecule | water
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| A hit to a cell target can occur from a(n)____ effect. | Both indirect and direct
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| The probability of a hit increased with___ oxygen and ____ LET radiation. | High, High
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| The principal radiation interactions within the human body are assumed to be | indirect effects
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| _____ are very large molecules that sometimes consist of hundreds of thousands of atoms. | Macromolecules
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| Two smaller units of metabolism | Catabolism and Anabolism
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| The chief function of _____ in the body is to provide fuel for cell metabolism | Carbohydrates
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| ___ is the radiation-sensitive target molecule | DNA
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| Only adenine-______ and _____-guaine base bonding is possible in DNA. | thymine, cytosine
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| Radiation-induced chromosome damage is analyzed during ______ | metaphase
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| _____ is the process whereby genetic cells undergo reduction division | Meiosis
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| _____ are more sensitive to radiation than mature cells | Stem cells
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| Dose ___ and ____ cause less effect because time is allowed for intracellular repair and tissue recovery | protraction, fractionation
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| ____ _____ imaging is performed under conditions of full oxygenation. | Diagnostic x-ray
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| _______ occurs when cell dies before replicating | Interphase death
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| The combined processes of ______ and _____ contribute to recovery from radiation damage | intracellular repair, repopulation
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| Radiation-induced cancer, leukemia and genetic effects follow a ________ close-response relationship | linear-nonthreshould
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| At low radiation doses, _____ are considered to be the cellular radiation damage that results in the late radiation effects observed at the whole-body level. | point lesions
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| ____ is the most radiosensitive molecules | DNA
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| The reduction of nutrient molecules for energy | catabolism
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| The production of large molecules for form and function | anabolism
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| _______ occurs when cell dies before replicating | Interphase death
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| The combined processes of ______ and _____ contribute to recovery from radiation damage | intracellular repair, repopulation
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| Radiation-induced cancer, leukemia and genetic effects follow a ________ close-response relationship | linear-nonthreshould
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| At low radiation doses, _____ are considered to be the cellular radiation damage that results in the late radiation effects observed at the whole-body level. | point lesions
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| ____ is the most radiosensitive molecules | DNA
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| The reduction of nutrient molecules for energy | catabolism
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| The production of large molecules for form and function | anatoblism
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| Diagnostic x ray beams always result in a ________ exposure which is less harmful than whole body exposure | partial body
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| The immediate response of radiation sickness is the ____ period | prodromal
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| The ____ period is the time after exposure during which there is no sign of radiation sickness | latent
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| The _____ syndrome is characterized by a reduction in white cell, red cells, and platelets | hematologic
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| Acute radiation lethality follows a -______, _____ does-response relationship | nonlinear, threshold
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| ____ is the shrinkage of an organ or tissue due to cell death | Atrophy
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| The most radiosensitive cell during female germ cell development is the ____ in the mature follicle | oocyte
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| the _____ and the ______ are the most radiosensitive cells in the body | lymphocytes, spermatogonia
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| Dose response relationship, any dose, regardless of its size, is expected to produce a response | nonthreshold
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| A ___ _____ is an unchanged molecule that contains a single unparied electron in the outer shell | free radical
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| If the initial ionizing event occurs on the target molecule, the effect of radiation is? | direct
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| For a cell to die after radiation exposure, its target molecule must be inactivated | Target theory
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| Threshold Dose: Death | Whole body 200rad/2 Gy
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| Threshold Dose: Hematologic depression | Whole body 25rad/250 mGy
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| Threshold Dose: Skin erythema | Small field 200rad/ 2 Gy
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| Threshold Dose: Epilation | Small field 300rad/ 3 Gy
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| Threshold Dose: Chromosome abberration | Whole body 5 rad/50 mGy
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| Threshold dose: Gonadal dysfunction | Local tissue 10 rad/100 mGy
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| Diagnostic x ray beams always result in ___ _____ exposure, which is less harmful than ____ ____ exposure | partial body, whole body
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| Three acute radiation syndromes | hematologic death, GI death, and CNS death
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| Acute radiation lethality: Prodromal | >100rad Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
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| Acute radiation lethality: Latent | 100 to 10,000rad None
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| Acute radiation lethality: hematologic | 200 to 1000rad Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, leukopenia, hemoorhage, fever, infection
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| Acute radiation lethality: GI | 1000 to 5000rad Same as hematologic plus, electrolyte imbalance, lethargy, fatigue, shock
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| Acute radiation lethality: CNS | >5000rad Same as GI plus, ataxia, edema, system vasculitis, meningitis
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| Relative risk | observed cases divided by expected cases
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