questions based on parasite life cycles and control. focus on macroparasites
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| innate vs adaptive immunity | show 🗑
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| role of cytokines | show 🗑
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| show | hide inside host cells, prevent drawing attention by making a resting cyst, camouflage own At or use hosts, consistently change disguise, misdirect or manipulate immune response, neutralize threats using enzymes
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| show | Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; when invaders too larges, external attack to lyse and degrade (eosinophils) into small enough pieces for macrophages
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| show | egg -> miracidium ie swimmer -> int host snail:penetration(sporocyst -> redia) -> cercaria ie tadpole -> 2nd int host:trophic(metacercaria) -> def host(adult-> mate) -> eggs:fec-oral
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| show | snail (1st) pen. by miracidia -> FRESHWATER crabs/crayfish (2nd) pen. by cercariae -> humans & dogs/cats (def) eat crustacean with infective metacercariae; thorough smoking of crab, don't throw raw scraps to pets, waste infrastructure to prevent eggs
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| show | snail (1st) eats infected feces -> raw FRESHWATER fish (2nd; may be multiple) -> humans & cats/dogs (def); thorough smoking/cooking/freezing of fish, don't throw raw scraps to pets
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| Fasciola hepatica (hosts, transmission, found in, control) | show 🗑
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| what is the other Fasciola sp of note and why | show 🗑
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| Schistosoma spp (hosts, transmission, found in, control) | show 🗑
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| List characteristics of the parasitic platyhelminthes | show 🗑
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| Describe a generalized life history of trematodes | show 🗑
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| show | members of the Opisthorchioidea farm host cells, leading to metaplasia and increased risk of cancer in the affected area. For C. sinensis, liver/bile duct cancer that is hard to detect often fatal
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| show | cercariae encyst on vegetation not in another host
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| show | 2 generations of sporocysts instead of rediae stage, only one int host (direct penetration into definitive host > trophic)
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| Swimmer's itch causes and control | show 🗑
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| Cestodes anatomy | show 🗑
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| show | flukes often have 2 int hosts, tapeworms 1 int if any. miracidia, sporocysts, redia, meta/cercaria vs oncosphere, cysticerci, plerocercoids, metacestodes
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| show | Taenia saginata & solium, Diphyllobothrium, Echinococcus granulosus, Dipylidium
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| Explain how Tapeworms in the wild can be affecting host & non-host biodiversity? | show 🗑
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| show | E. multilocularis in foxes (guelph)
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| show | organs of livestock are often used as feed for dogs, when infected, the dogs can easily spread the disease to humans wildlife and livestock because its fecal-oral
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| Are adult tapeworms harmful to their hosts? | show 🗑
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| show | hosts may not notice/know where they got it from, can increase risk of cancer (cell farming), increased transmission ie they're pumping out eggs for a long time
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| show | Cysts are full of fluid, adult parts, and antigens, sudden burst cause cause instant death or coma
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| show | because it can be harder to identify in livestock, infected scrap meats may be given to dogs without knowing, which infect the dogs and allow them to spread it to humans, wildlife, and livestock
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| Contrast Echinococcus spp. lifecycles | show 🗑
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| show | def host has adult worm which may be near negligible; int (juvenile stages) cause issues by migrating and encysting; beef worm does not recognize us as viable but pork worm can so continues life cycle and can brain cyst
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| show | fleas (int) eat infected feces -> cats/dogs (def) itch and eat fleas -> may give to people (def) thru saliva -> pass cysts in feces
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| show | ces: egg > oncosphere/coracidium > procercoid > metacestode > adult
tre: egg > miracidium > sporocyst/redia > cercaria > metacercaria > adult
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| show | In a sense yes because the cysts must be ingested but other modes of transmission may play a role such as vectors and specifically fecal-oral
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| Describe the role of ____ in the life cycle of a parasite. [rostellum and hooks, hydatid cyst, pleurocercoid, coracidium] | show 🗑
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| show | Microscopy is important to parasitology because it's an incredibly fast and cheap alternative to diagnosing parasites in blood, feces, any fluid sample, because eggs of spp are different
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| Describe how island nations (Japan, Cyprus) have experienced success controlling parasites. | show 🗑
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| Describe the danger of beef and pork tapeworm to a human. | show 🗑
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| show | usually the juvenile stage is infective but the adult stage is the one that feeds an reproduces, so if you're consistently encountering a parasite you may have multiple life stages within you, but they'd all likely eventually become adults
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| What is sparganosis? | show 🗑
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| Schistocephalus solidus in stickleback changes host behaviour. Describe how this parasite affects host behaviour and how it increases chances of transmission. | show 🗑
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| show | they can change predator-prey dynamics (grasshoppers into river for charr) as well increasing biodiversity (biomass) and real estate (molluscs)
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| show | GI symptoms or obstruction; wildlife populations may decrease , livestock and wildlife can transmit to each other
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| Why is the DALY an important metric to understanding helminth diseases of humans. | show 🗑
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| Differentiate between direct and indirect life cycles in nematodes. | show 🗑
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| Contrast the two major species of human hookworm and their differences. How are they relevant historically and in modern day? | show 🗑
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| Is Strongyloides stercoralis an obligate parasite, even though it survives and can carry out sexual replication in soil? Discuss why/why not. | show 🗑
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| show | Because the worms are so large and can become so numerous, intestinal blockage can become so great that trying to pass the worm mass may be more harmful to the host (migration), rather surgery or a slow process of immobilizing and passing
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| Compare and contrast the life within the human lung for schistosomes and ascaris nematodes. | show 🗑
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| show | T. canis causes a worse disease and is common in cat/dog breeding situations, may cause complications in treatment because roundworms are very big
D. caninum is not a huge issue is more likely to be passed to children but easily identifiable and treated
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| show | look for necrotic tissue or weird root growth/galls, short stalks; screen plants before planting them in your garden, fungi or companion plants to attract predators for bio-control
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| You are at a Southern Ontario Provincial Park fish fry and you notice the fish is undercooked. Is there a threat of contracting a worm parasite? Describe what parasite (if any) you suspect, and what symptoms you would need to be mindful of. | show 🗑
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| Why is proper clothing an important element of parasite public health planning, and describe which types of parasites could be protected against. | show 🗑
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| show | C. sinensis: liver damage, jaundice, (nausea, diarrhea, vomit, loss of appetite, abdominal pain); fw Asia
D. latum: circulatory & muscle symptoms, irritability; fw America/Europe
Anisakis: (GI symptoms) SUDDEN PAIN; pacific saltwater fish/cephalopods
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| show | D. med: transmitted by drinking infected copepods in water; burning blisters
D. imm: mosquito vector; filariform becomes adult in heart/pulmonary arteries
W. ban: " ; filariform becomes adult in lymph nodes
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| What are some practices that might be implemented in Canada to protect against pinworm? | show 🗑
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| show | the microfilariae cyclically enter and exit the bloodstream based on when the vector is actively feeding; as pinworm has a direct life cycle and is fecal-orally transmitted, this doesn't apply
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| Why is the proliferation of outhouses in the southern United States in the early 1900’s, an important parasitology story? What was the result of this development? How did parasite biology affect outhouse design? | show 🗑
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| Your roommate is travelling to sub-Saharan Africa. What types of precautions should they take to avoid becoming infected with a parasite. Use concrete examples from this course. | show 🗑
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| show | Nematodes are really good at disguising themselves so when they randomly die the body can have an extreme maybe lethal rxn; treatment w/o knowing there's multiple could kill the non-target and complicate treatment
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| show | it wasnt known that dogs were a reservoir for a while; its one thing to treat people but its another to try to treat strays that may be around in large numbers in some places
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| show | if heartworm could infect people there would probably be a campaign to control the mosquito vectors and deworm as many pets and strays as possible
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| How do the pork tapeworm and Trichuris pork worm differ? (life cycle, symptoms) | show 🗑
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| How might geohelminth control change if a phoretic fly became competent transport vectors of transited phases. | show 🗑
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| How do cestodes and acanthocephalans differ? How are they similar? | show 🗑
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| show | horsehair worms cause insects to jump into water en masse which can be a major food source for the aquatic ecosystem (deciduous -> coniferous charr fishery ex)
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| show | (breeding ground destruction, personal protection)
tsetse: sterile males, bright colored traps
black: avoid standing water
bot: livestock monitoring
mosquito: bug nets, indoor protection, minimize standing water
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| Describe some morphological traits and behaviours that make bed bugs such effective temporary parasites | show 🗑
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| Describe how toxins, viruses, and teratocytes play a role in the life cycle of parasitoid wasps. Why are these wasps important | show 🗑
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| What parasite diseases may be carried by the various human lice and fleas. What controls could be suggested to prevent the spread of these insects in a school/shelter setting? | show 🗑
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| show | what vector, how does it reproduce
what symptoms should be watched for
how susceptible are humans, pets, livestock
what stages of the life cycle can be controlled
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| Compare the various crustaceans covered that are economically important for fisheries in Canada. Which habitats/industries are affected? | show 🗑
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| At the grocery store you overhear a conversation about open-net aquaculture farms in the Pacific ocean and the potential for disease spread to local fish populations. The two people can't understand how this can be a problem. Explain to them. | show 🗑
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| Parasites can lead to more diverse communities, and this is particularly true of the crustacean parasites. Describe this statement using examples from our course. | show 🗑
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| What diseases are caused by mites, in humans and animals? How are they transmitted | show 🗑
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| How can trophic cascades result from parasite outbreaks? | show 🗑
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| show | egg -> larva (6 legs) -> nymph (8 legs) -> adult
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| Describe key differences between the life cycles and morphology of hard ticks (Ixodidae) and soft ticks (Argasidae). | show 🗑
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| show | ticks get a disease by feeding on an infected host, diverse host interactions increases transmission, tick saliva already suppresses immune system, ticks live relatively long therefore transmits for long time
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| What are three effective strategies for reducing the risk of tick bites when spending time outdoors in tick-prone areas? | show 🗑
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| What is the name of the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease, and which tick species is the primary vector in North America? | show 🗑
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| show | bullseye rash -> flu symptoms -> spread to joints, heart, CNS -> cognitive difficulties, recurrent muscle/joint pain
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| Why are eosinophils an indicator of a worm infection? What role do they play? | show 🗑
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| show | increase public education so people pick up after their dogs, control stray rates, don't give pets scraps, hygiene with pet litter/waste
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| explain helminth therapy / old friends hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | sexual: education
vector: control habitats, increase wealth/infrastructure, repellants
vertical: dont let it get to that point
penetration:
fecal-oral: education, infrastructure,
trophic:
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| show | livestock/veterinary concern parasites like sea/fish lice, fasciola, dog heartworm, cod worm, as well as plant Pratlenchus/Meliodogyne: negatively affect things we closely interact with, may not get us sick but economic/psych impact
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| what would you include in an anti-parasite campaign/pamphlet for mothers that had just immigrated to canada | show 🗑
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| discuss the advantage of being parasitized | show 🗑
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