Nursing Fundamentals
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| ANA | American Nurses Association
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| ICN | International Council of Nurses
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| NLN | National League for Nursing
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| NSNA | National Student Nurses Association
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| Sigma Theta Tau | Honor Society of Nursing
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| CAM | Complimentary Alternative Medicine
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| Moral Distress | Inability to carry out moral decisions
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| Moral Outrage | Belief that others are acting immorally
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| Morals | "Private, personal, or group standars of right or wrong"
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| Ethics | Systematic study of right and wrong conduct
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| Nursing Ethics | Ethical questions that arise out of the practice of nursing
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| Autonomy | Right of the patient to make informed healthcare decisions
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| Nonmaleficence | Avoid causing harm
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| Beneficence | "Benefiting the patient, benefits vs. risk"
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| Fidelity | Keep promises
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| Veracity | Tell the truth
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| Justice | The obligation to be fair
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| Values | Belief about the worth of something
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| Attitudes | "Feelings toward a person, object, or idea"
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| Beliefs | Something that someone accepts as true
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| Consequentialism | Rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequeces of the action rather than the action itself
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| Teleology | "The study of the ""end"". Teleology & Consequentialism deal in the ""ends"" justifying the ""means"""
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| Utilitarianism | The value of an action is determined by its usefulness
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| Deontology | "AKA Formalism - right and wrong are determined by moral rules and principles, not the value of the specific action itself"
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| Feminist Ethics | "Considers principles and consequences, but also looks at social issures surronding the action."
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| Ethics of Care | A nursing philosophy that directs attention to the specific situation of individual patients within the context of their life situation.
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| Nursing Code of Ethics | Formal statement of a group's expecations and standars for professinal behavior
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| ANA Standards of Care | "Standars of practice that, if followed, ensure ethical practice. Outlines nurses responsiblities to patients and directs management of ethical dilemmas."
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| Patient Bill of Rights | "Assures healtcare system is fair and works to meet patient needs, gives patients ways to address problems, encourages patient to take an active role in getting and staying healthy."
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| MORAL Model | "Massage Dilemma - identify & define issues, Outline Options - determine all avenues of action, even if not realistic, Resolve Dilemma - Review issues & options for all parties concerned. Act - apply chosen option, Look back - evaluate the process and co
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| Legal Principals of Nursing | "Protect client & society, define the scope of nursing practice, and identify minimum level of care to be provided"
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| Patient Self Determination Act | "Patients have the right to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment or make advanced directives."
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| HIPAA | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act - protects privacy by controlling individually identifiying information about a patient.
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| Newborns' and Mothers' Health Protection Act | Mandates a minimum 48 hour stay for insured delivieries (96 hours for C-section deliveries)
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| National Labor Relations Act | "Enacted to protect the rights of workers and employers, to encourage collective bargaining, and curtail harmful business practices."
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| Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act | Patient Anti Dumping Law - requires healthcare facilities to provide emergency care regardless of ability to pay. Only requires stabilization.
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| Health Care Quality Improvement Act | Enacted to reduce medical errors and protect the consumer
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| ADA | Americans with Disabilities Act - Provides non discrimination and access for disabled individuals
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| Manditory Reporting Laws | "Laws that require reporting suspected cases of abuse, communicable infection, immunizations - must have proof, not just a ""hunch"""
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| Good Samaritan Laws | Protect individuals that aid persons in need of first aid from being sued.
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| Patient Care Partnership | Encourages healthcare providers to be more aware of the need to tret patients in an ethical manner and protect patient rights.
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| ANA Bill of Rights for Nurses | Protect the dignity and autonomy of nurses in the workplace
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| Misdemeanor | A minor crime punishable by fine and or imprisonment for less than a year
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| Felony | Crime punishable by death or more than one year's imprisonement
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| Contract Law | Controlls leagally enforceable agreements
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| Tort | Deals with duties and rights among individuals not covered under contract law
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| Defamation | Occurs when a false communicatino is made to at third person and communication is harmful
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| Slander | Defamatory statements made orally
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| Libel | Defamatory statements made in writing
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| Assault and Battery | "Assault - placing a person in a position of fear that he/she will suffer harm, Battery - intentional, offensive physical contact e.g. performing surgery without consent"
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| False Imprisonent | Intentional or wilful detention without consent
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| Fraud | Willful or intentional misleading another person with intent to cause legal injury or deprive rights
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| Invasion of Privacy | Violation of a person's right to be free from unwanted interference in private affairs
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| Negligence | The failure to use reasonable and ordinary care
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| Malpractice | Occurs when a medical professional is negilgent anf fails to exercise ordinary care.
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| Legal Safeguards for the Nurse | "Seek informed consent, competent practice, documentation, liability insurance, sentinel reports"
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| Student Liability | "Seek direction before acting, be familiar with agency policy, DO NOT work outside the license of instructor"
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| Common Malpractice Claims | "Failure to assess & diagnose, Failure to plan, failure ti implement a plan of care, failure to evaluate"
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| Asepsis | Absence of contamination by disease causing microorganisms
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| Infection | Successful invasion of the body by a pathogen
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| Pathogen | "Organisms capable of causing disease, consist of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, amoebae, helminths (worms), and prions"
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| Chain of Infection | "The process by which infections spreads, consists of 6 links that interconnect. The chain can be broken at any link."
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| Infections Agent | Pathogens that cause infection
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| Reservoir | "A source of infection, a place where pathoghes survive and multiply. There are both living and non-living reservoirs tha support microbial growth."
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| Portal of Exit | "A pathogen must exit a reservoir in order to spread infection. The path out of, or off of the reservoir is the portal of exit"
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| Mode of Transmission | "Direct contact (person to person), indirect contact (fomite), dropplet transmission, airborne transmission, vector transmission (organism that carries a pathogen to a host e.g mosquitos"
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| Portal of Entry | "Normal body openings, cuts, scrapes, surgical sites, IV sites are all examples of portals of entry"
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| Susceptible Host | "A person with inadequate defenses (natural, chemical, phyiscal) to prevent infection by pathogen"
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| Stages of Infection | "Incubation, Prodromal, Illness, Decline, Convalescene"
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| Local Infection | Infection localized to a limited region of the body
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| Systemic Infection | Occurs when infection occurs in blood or lymph systems and spreads throughout the body
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| Primary Infection | First infection that occurs in a patient
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| Secondary Infection | An infection that occurs after primary infection as a result of compromised immunity.
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| Bacteremia | Clinical presence of bacteria in the blood
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| Septicemia | Symptomatic systemic infection spread via blood
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| Acute Infection | "Rapid onset, short duration"
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| Chronic Infection | "Slow development, long duration"
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| Latent Infection | Infection present with no discernable symptoms
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| Nosocomial Infection | Infections acquire in a healthcare facility
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| Primary Defenses | "First line of defense agains infections such as Skin, mucous membranes that trap pathogens, saliva & tears, GI & genitourinary acids & bile"
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| Secondary Defenses | "Phagocytosis, Complement cascade, inflamation, fever"
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| Tertiary Defenses | "B&T cells, humoal immunity, phagocytosis, neutralization, agglutination, activation of complement and inflammation, immunoglobins"
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| Factors that Increase Infection Risk | "Age (young & elderly), breaks in 1st line defenses, illness or injury, smoking, substance abuse, multiple sex partners, environment, chronic disease, medications , procedures"
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| Factors that Support Host Defese | "Nutrition, Hygeine, Rest & exercise, Stress reduction, Immunization"
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| Medical Asepsis | State of cleanliness that decreses the potential for spread of infection
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| Hand Washing | Most effective method of preventing spread of infection
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| Standard Precautions | "AKA Universal precautions - used whenever contacting blood, body fluids, excretions and secretions, mucous membranes, braks in skin. Wash hands, use clean gloves."
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| Contact Precautions | "Direct contact of microrganisms can lead to spread of pathogens. Standard + private room, gown & gloves"
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| Droplet Precautions | When pathogen can be spread in droplets. Standard + Contact+ mask w/ eye protection
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| Airborne Precautions | "Pathogens in air. Standard+Contact+private room w/ negative air pressure, gown, gloves, N95 mask. Measles, Chickenpox, TB"
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| Protective Isolation | Isolation of the pathogen (not the patient - be kind!) to prevent infection of others
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| Surgical Asepsis | Requires creation of a sterile (no life) field and use of sterile equipment
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| Voiding | Urination or micturnition
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| Infant Urination | "15-60mL of urine output per Kg per day, 8-10 wet diapers per day, No voluntary control"
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| Enuresis | Occasional wetting
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| Nocturnal Enuresis | Bed wetting
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| Older Adult Urination | "Kidney function decreases, urgency and frequency increases, loss of bladder elasticity causes nocturia(need to urinate at night) & incomplete emptying"
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| Substances Affecting Urine | "Caffeine, Alcohol, Sodium"
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| Medications Affecting Urine | "Anticoagulants (Red urine), Diuretics (yellow urine), Pyridium (orange /red urine), Elavil (green/blue urine), Levodopa (brown urine)"
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| Factors Affecting Urination | "Personal, cultural, environmental, nutrition, hydration, activity level, medication, surgery & anesthesia"
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| Physical Assessment of Urine | "Volume, Color, Clarity, Sediment, Odor"
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| Promotion of Urination | "maintain normal voiding habits, promote fluid intake, promote muscle tone (kegel), stimulate urination and resolve urinary retention"
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| Normal Voiding Habits | "Schedule, privacy, position, hygeine"
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| Urinary Tract Infection | "Normally E. coli, enter the urethra and bladder from the colon. Improper hygiene."
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| Urinary Retention | Inability to completely empty the bladder
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| Urinary Incontinence | lack of voluntary control over urination
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| Stress Incontinence | "pregnancy, laughter, lifting, coughing, etc. cause stress incontinence"
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| Urge Incontinence | "urination associated with strong urge to void, overactive bladder"
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| Mixed Incontinence | Urge + Stress
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| Overflow Incontinence | "distended bladder, ususally caused by fecal compaction, neurological disorders, enlarged prostate"
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| Total Incontinence | person isn't able to control urination at all
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| Urinary Diversion/Ostomy | surgically created opening for elimination of urine
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| Reasons fo Catheterization | "Relieve urinary retention, obtain sterile sample, measure urine, empty bladder before/during/after surgery, monitor critically ill patients"
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| Urinary Studies | "Freshly voided specimen, clean catch, sterile specimen, 24 hour urine"
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| Peristalsis | movement of feces through the large intestine
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| Factors Affecting Defecation | "pregnancy, pathological conditions, bowel diversion (Ileostomy/Clostomy)"
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| Medications Affecting Defecation | "Aspirin - (pink/black stool), Iron salts - (black stool), Antacids - (white w/specks), Antibiotics - (green)"
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| Physical Assessment of Feces | "Mnitor frequency, amount, coor and consistency of stool. Monitor for diarrhea, constipation, impaction. May still have an impaction w/diarrhea."
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| Promotion of Defecation | "Privacy, positioning, Regular schedule, fluids & nutrition, exercise"
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| Diarrhea | "Water and potassium loss a big concern. Dehydration risk. Ideally, replace lost fluids and potassium PO."
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| Constipation | "Decreased activity, post surgery, medications , decreased fluid & fiber intake"
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| Fecal Impaction | Hardened fecal material in the rectum.
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| Bowel Diversion | "Ileostomy, colostomy"
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| CEU | "Continuing Education Units. Post formal education training that ensures nurses keep up with latest developments. Not required by State of Indiana, but employer may require them."
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| Nursing Models | "Case method, functional nursing, team nursing, differentiated practice, primary nursing"
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| Purpose of Nursing | "Health promotion, illness prevention, health restoration"
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