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Nursing Fundamentals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ANA | American Nurses Association |
| ICN | International Council of Nurses |
| NLN | National League for Nursing |
| NSNA | National Student Nurses Association |
| Sigma Theta Tau | Honor Society of Nursing |
| CAM | Complimentary Alternative Medicine |
| Moral Distress | Inability to carry out moral decisions |
| Moral Outrage | Belief that others are acting immorally |
| Morals | "Private, personal, or group standars of right or wrong" |
| Ethics | Systematic study of right and wrong conduct |
| Nursing Ethics | Ethical questions that arise out of the practice of nursing |
| Autonomy | Right of the patient to make informed healthcare decisions |
| Nonmaleficence | Avoid causing harm |
| Beneficence | "Benefiting the patient, benefits vs. risk" |
| Fidelity | Keep promises |
| Veracity | Tell the truth |
| Justice | The obligation to be fair |
| Values | Belief about the worth of something |
| Attitudes | "Feelings toward a person, object, or idea" |
| Beliefs | Something that someone accepts as true |
| Consequentialism | Rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequeces of the action rather than the action itself |
| Teleology | "The study of the ""end"". Teleology & Consequentialism deal in the ""ends"" justifying the ""means""" |
| Utilitarianism | The value of an action is determined by its usefulness |
| Deontology | "AKA Formalism - right and wrong are determined by moral rules and principles, not the value of the specific action itself" |
| Feminist Ethics | "Considers principles and consequences, but also looks at social issures surronding the action." |
| Ethics of Care | A nursing philosophy that directs attention to the specific situation of individual patients within the context of their life situation. |
| Nursing Code of Ethics | Formal statement of a group's expecations and standars for professinal behavior |
| ANA Standards of Care | "Standars of practice that, if followed, ensure ethical practice. Outlines nurses responsiblities to patients and directs management of ethical dilemmas." |
| Patient Bill of Rights | "Assures healtcare system is fair and works to meet patient needs, gives patients ways to address problems, encourages patient to take an active role in getting and staying healthy." |
| MORAL Model | "Massage Dilemma - identify & define issues, Outline Options - determine all avenues of action, even if not realistic, Resolve Dilemma - Review issues & options for all parties concerned. Act - apply chosen option, Look back - evaluate the process and co |
| Legal Principals of Nursing | "Protect client & society, define the scope of nursing practice, and identify minimum level of care to be provided" |
| Patient Self Determination Act | "Patients have the right to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment or make advanced directives." |
| HIPAA | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act - protects privacy by controlling individually identifiying information about a patient. |
| Newborns' and Mothers' Health Protection Act | Mandates a minimum 48 hour stay for insured delivieries (96 hours for C-section deliveries) |
| National Labor Relations Act | "Enacted to protect the rights of workers and employers, to encourage collective bargaining, and curtail harmful business practices." |
| Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act | Patient Anti Dumping Law - requires healthcare facilities to provide emergency care regardless of ability to pay. Only requires stabilization. |
| Health Care Quality Improvement Act | Enacted to reduce medical errors and protect the consumer |
| ADA | Americans with Disabilities Act - Provides non discrimination and access for disabled individuals |
| Manditory Reporting Laws | "Laws that require reporting suspected cases of abuse, communicable infection, immunizations - must have proof, not just a ""hunch""" |
| Good Samaritan Laws | Protect individuals that aid persons in need of first aid from being sued. |
| Patient Care Partnership | Encourages healthcare providers to be more aware of the need to tret patients in an ethical manner and protect patient rights. |
| ANA Bill of Rights for Nurses | Protect the dignity and autonomy of nurses in the workplace |
| Misdemeanor | A minor crime punishable by fine and or imprisonment for less than a year |
| Felony | Crime punishable by death or more than one year's imprisonement |
| Contract Law | Controlls leagally enforceable agreements |
| Tort | Deals with duties and rights among individuals not covered under contract law |
| Defamation | Occurs when a false communicatino is made to at third person and communication is harmful |
| Slander | Defamatory statements made orally |
| Libel | Defamatory statements made in writing |
| Assault and Battery | "Assault - placing a person in a position of fear that he/she will suffer harm, Battery - intentional, offensive physical contact e.g. performing surgery without consent" |
| False Imprisonent | Intentional or wilful detention without consent |
| Fraud | Willful or intentional misleading another person with intent to cause legal injury or deprive rights |
| Invasion of Privacy | Violation of a person's right to be free from unwanted interference in private affairs |
| Negligence | The failure to use reasonable and ordinary care |
| Malpractice | Occurs when a medical professional is negilgent anf fails to exercise ordinary care. |
| Legal Safeguards for the Nurse | "Seek informed consent, competent practice, documentation, liability insurance, sentinel reports" |
| Student Liability | "Seek direction before acting, be familiar with agency policy, DO NOT work outside the license of instructor" |
| Common Malpractice Claims | "Failure to assess & diagnose, Failure to plan, failure ti implement a plan of care, failure to evaluate" |
| Asepsis | Absence of contamination by disease causing microorganisms |
| Infection | Successful invasion of the body by a pathogen |
| Pathogen | "Organisms capable of causing disease, consist of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, amoebae, helminths (worms), and prions" |
| Chain of Infection | "The process by which infections spreads, consists of 6 links that interconnect. The chain can be broken at any link." |
| Infections Agent | Pathogens that cause infection |
| Reservoir | "A source of infection, a place where pathoghes survive and multiply. There are both living and non-living reservoirs tha support microbial growth." |
| Portal of Exit | "A pathogen must exit a reservoir in order to spread infection. The path out of, or off of the reservoir is the portal of exit" |
| Mode of Transmission | "Direct contact (person to person), indirect contact (fomite), dropplet transmission, airborne transmission, vector transmission (organism that carries a pathogen to a host e.g mosquitos" |
| Portal of Entry | "Normal body openings, cuts, scrapes, surgical sites, IV sites are all examples of portals of entry" |
| Susceptible Host | "A person with inadequate defenses (natural, chemical, phyiscal) to prevent infection by pathogen" |
| Stages of Infection | "Incubation, Prodromal, Illness, Decline, Convalescene" |
| Local Infection | Infection localized to a limited region of the body |
| Systemic Infection | Occurs when infection occurs in blood or lymph systems and spreads throughout the body |
| Primary Infection | First infection that occurs in a patient |
| Secondary Infection | An infection that occurs after primary infection as a result of compromised immunity. |
| Bacteremia | Clinical presence of bacteria in the blood |
| Septicemia | Symptomatic systemic infection spread via blood |
| Acute Infection | "Rapid onset, short duration" |
| Chronic Infection | "Slow development, long duration" |
| Latent Infection | Infection present with no discernable symptoms |
| Nosocomial Infection | Infections acquire in a healthcare facility |
| Primary Defenses | "First line of defense agains infections such as Skin, mucous membranes that trap pathogens, saliva & tears, GI & genitourinary acids & bile" |
| Secondary Defenses | "Phagocytosis, Complement cascade, inflamation, fever" |
| Tertiary Defenses | "B&T cells, humoal immunity, phagocytosis, neutralization, agglutination, activation of complement and inflammation, immunoglobins" |
| Factors that Increase Infection Risk | "Age (young & elderly), breaks in 1st line defenses, illness or injury, smoking, substance abuse, multiple sex partners, environment, chronic disease, medications , procedures" |
| Factors that Support Host Defese | "Nutrition, Hygeine, Rest & exercise, Stress reduction, Immunization" |
| Medical Asepsis | State of cleanliness that decreses the potential for spread of infection |
| Hand Washing | Most effective method of preventing spread of infection |
| Standard Precautions | "AKA Universal precautions - used whenever contacting blood, body fluids, excretions and secretions, mucous membranes, braks in skin. Wash hands, use clean gloves." |
| Contact Precautions | "Direct contact of microrganisms can lead to spread of pathogens. Standard + private room, gown & gloves" |
| Droplet Precautions | When pathogen can be spread in droplets. Standard + Contact+ mask w/ eye protection |
| Airborne Precautions | "Pathogens in air. Standard+Contact+private room w/ negative air pressure, gown, gloves, N95 mask. Measles, Chickenpox, TB" |
| Protective Isolation | Isolation of the pathogen (not the patient - be kind!) to prevent infection of others |
| Surgical Asepsis | Requires creation of a sterile (no life) field and use of sterile equipment |
| Voiding | Urination or micturnition |
| Infant Urination | "15-60mL of urine output per Kg per day, 8-10 wet diapers per day, No voluntary control" |
| Enuresis | Occasional wetting |
| Nocturnal Enuresis | Bed wetting |
| Older Adult Urination | "Kidney function decreases, urgency and frequency increases, loss of bladder elasticity causes nocturia(need to urinate at night) & incomplete emptying" |
| Substances Affecting Urine | "Caffeine, Alcohol, Sodium" |
| Medications Affecting Urine | "Anticoagulants (Red urine), Diuretics (yellow urine), Pyridium (orange /red urine), Elavil (green/blue urine), Levodopa (brown urine)" |
| Factors Affecting Urination | "Personal, cultural, environmental, nutrition, hydration, activity level, medication, surgery & anesthesia" |
| Physical Assessment of Urine | "Volume, Color, Clarity, Sediment, Odor" |
| Promotion of Urination | "maintain normal voiding habits, promote fluid intake, promote muscle tone (kegel), stimulate urination and resolve urinary retention" |
| Normal Voiding Habits | "Schedule, privacy, position, hygeine" |
| Urinary Tract Infection | "Normally E. coli, enter the urethra and bladder from the colon. Improper hygiene." |
| Urinary Retention | Inability to completely empty the bladder |
| Urinary Incontinence | lack of voluntary control over urination |
| Stress Incontinence | "pregnancy, laughter, lifting, coughing, etc. cause stress incontinence" |
| Urge Incontinence | "urination associated with strong urge to void, overactive bladder" |
| Mixed Incontinence | Urge + Stress |
| Overflow Incontinence | "distended bladder, ususally caused by fecal compaction, neurological disorders, enlarged prostate" |
| Total Incontinence | person isn't able to control urination at all |
| Urinary Diversion/Ostomy | surgically created opening for elimination of urine |
| Reasons fo Catheterization | "Relieve urinary retention, obtain sterile sample, measure urine, empty bladder before/during/after surgery, monitor critically ill patients" |
| Urinary Studies | "Freshly voided specimen, clean catch, sterile specimen, 24 hour urine" |
| Peristalsis | movement of feces through the large intestine |
| Factors Affecting Defecation | "pregnancy, pathological conditions, bowel diversion (Ileostomy/Clostomy)" |
| Medications Affecting Defecation | "Aspirin - (pink/black stool), Iron salts - (black stool), Antacids - (white w/specks), Antibiotics - (green)" |
| Physical Assessment of Feces | "Mnitor frequency, amount, coor and consistency of stool. Monitor for diarrhea, constipation, impaction. May still have an impaction w/diarrhea." |
| Promotion of Defecation | "Privacy, positioning, Regular schedule, fluids & nutrition, exercise" |
| Diarrhea | "Water and potassium loss a big concern. Dehydration risk. Ideally, replace lost fluids and potassium PO." |
| Constipation | "Decreased activity, post surgery, medications , decreased fluid & fiber intake" |
| Fecal Impaction | Hardened fecal material in the rectum. |
| Bowel Diversion | "Ileostomy, colostomy" |
| CEU | "Continuing Education Units. Post formal education training that ensures nurses keep up with latest developments. Not required by State of Indiana, but employer may require them." |
| Nursing Models | "Case method, functional nursing, team nursing, differentiated practice, primary nursing" |
| Purpose of Nursing | "Health promotion, illness prevention, health restoration" |
Created by:
jknowles
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