Epidemiology 1
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| What is prevalence? | show 🗑
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| What is incidence? | show 🗑
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| show | Prevalence = incidence x average duration of disease; also = (total cases in population at a given time)/(total population)
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| incidence is measured with what type of study | show 🗑
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| prevalence is measured with what type of study? | show 🗑
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| show | study in which people in a population are examined for the presence of a disease of interest at a given point in time
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| Advantages of cross-sectional studies (3). Disadvantages of cross-sectional studies (2). | show 🗑
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| What statistical test to estimate causal relationships? | show 🗑
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| show | odds ratio
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| Formula for Incidence? | show 🗑
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| show | chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes)
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| When is prevalence = incidence? | show 🗑
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| Ratio for false negative | show 🗑
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| Ratio for false positive | show 🗑
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| show | a=dz with + test; b=false +; c=false neg; d=real neg result. Sensitivity is the number of TRUE POSITIVES divided by the number of all people with the disease, the probability of a POSITIVE TEST given that a person has the disease. a/(a+c)
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| show | a=dz with + test; b=false +; c=false neg; d=real neg result. Specificity is the number of TRUE NEGATIVES divided by the number of all people without the disease, probability of a NEGATIVE TEST given that a person does not have dz.
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| PPV - what is it and what is the formula? | show 🗑
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| NPV - what is it and what is the formula? | show 🗑
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| What will give a higher positive predictive value? | show 🗑
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| What will give a higher negative predictive value? | show 🗑
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| show | Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
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| show | Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
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| The number of true negatives divided by the number of people who tested negative for the disease? | show 🗑
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| The probability of not having the condition given a negative test? | show 🗑
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| show | Unlike sensitivity and specificity, predictive values are dependent on the PREVALENCE of the disease.
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| What is a likelihood ratio? | show 🗑
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| what is a pretest probability | show 🗑
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| what do you use a likelihood ratio for? What is a +LR? What is a -LR? | show 🗑
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| show | real positive/false positive = sensitivity/(1-specificity)
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| show | false negative/real negative = 1-sensitivity/(specificity)
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| show | LR 1 means the pretest prob that the pt has the disease does not change with the test; LR 10 means that disease is 45% more likely; LR of 0.1 means that disease is 45% less likely
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| show | the chances that your patient has a disease, given the test result. Formula is Pre-test odds (individualized) x likelihood ratio.
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| show | Odds of having disease in exposed group divided by odds of not having disease in exposed group.
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| show | For Odds Ratio, odds are calculated WITHIN A GROUP as the number with disease divided by the number without disease.
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| In what situation does Odds Ratio (OR) approximate Relative Risk? | show 🗑
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| Odds Ratio is used for xxx studies. | show 🗑
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| What is the absolute risk? | show 🗑
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| show | a=+dz+exp, b=-dz+exp, c=+dz-exp, d=-dz-exp; OR = (a*d)/(b*c)
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| show | a=+dz+exp, b=-dz+exp, c=+dz-exp, d=-dz-exp; RR is incidence in the exposed over incidence in the unexposed. RR = a/(a+b) divided by c/(c+d)
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| Formula for Attributable Risk? | show 🗑
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| show | Disease risk in exposed group divided by disease risk in unexposed group. This is how much more likely an exposed person is to get dz compared to unexposed person. Indicates the strength of the association between the exposure and the disease.
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| show | Risk is calculated WITHIN A GROUP as the number with disease divided by the total number of people in the group.
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| show | Relative Risk (RR) is used for COHORT studies.
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| show | FALSE POS. There IS an effect or difference when none exists (to mistakenly accept the experimental hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis).
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| show | p is judged against alpha, a preset level of significance (usually < 0.05).
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| show | p = probability of making a type I error.
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| show | If p < 0.05, then there is less than a 5% chance that THE DATA WILL SHOW SOMETHING THAT IS NOT REALLY THERE.
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| show | alpha = you "saw" a difference that did NOT exist--for example, convicting an innocent man.
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| In a four quadrant box, power lies in what region? | show 🗑
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| In a four quadrant box, alpha lies in what region? | show 🗑
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| In a four quadrant box, beta lies in what region? | show 🗑
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| To commit a Type II error (beta) is to state what? | show 🗑
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| Beta is the probability of making a type xxx error. | show 🗑
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| Layman's way of describing beta? | show 🗑
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| show | Power is the probability that a study will find a statistically significant conclusion when there really is one there. Power = 1 - type II error.
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| show | 1. Total number of end points experienced by population. 2. Difference in COMPLIANCE b/w treatment groups (differences in the mean values b/w groups). 3. Size of expected effect.
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| If you xxx sample size, you increase Power. | show 🗑
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| Formula for SEM? | show 🗑
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| show | SEM < SD?
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| show | SEM DECREASES as sample size increases?
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| For a Normal (Gaussian) distributional curve, SD of 1 = x%? | show 🗑
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| show | SD 2 = 95%
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| show | SD 3 = 99.7%
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| CI = range from xxx to xxx? | show 🗑
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| show | p = 0.05
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| For the 95% CI, Z = xxx. | show 🗑
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| If the 95% CI for a xxx between 2 variables includes 0, then there is no significant difference and H0 is NOT rejected. | show 🗑
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| If the 95% CI for xxx or xxx includes 1, then H0 is NOT rejected. | show 🗑
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| Chi squared checks what? | show 🗑
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| show | compare percentages (%) or proportions
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| show | Coefficient of determination
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| show | B.A. S.S.S.M.M.A.R.T. Chicken or you're Gone: Hep A, Hep B, Salmonella, Shigella, Syphilis, Measles Mumps, AIDS Rubella, TB, Chicken, Gonorrhea
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| Which disease can vary by state for reporting? | show 🗑
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| show | hospital
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| show | doctor bills
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| what is a cohort study? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. can establish incidence/absolute risk, 2. can assess the relationship of exposure to many diseases, 3. no bias from a known outcome
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| Disadvantages of cohort study (3) | show 🗑
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| What is a case-controlled study | show 🗑
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| show | 1. small groups --> less expensive, 2. can study rare diseases, 3. can look at multiple risk factors
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| Disadvantages of case-controlled study (2) | show 🗑
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| Formula for odds | show 🗑
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| formula for probability | show 🗑
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| What kind of bias: different groups are assessed/measured using different tools | show 🗑
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| What kind of bias: found in retrospective studies | show 🗑
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| show | lead-time bias
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| What kind of bias: screening tests detect disproportionate number of progressive diseases but miss rapidly progressing ones | show 🗑
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| what is the confidence interval? | show 🗑
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| What does it mean if a CI includes the value corresponding to a relative risk of 1? | show 🗑
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| If the CI is wide, then the power is… | show 🗑
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| Quality improvement tool that is used to do root cause analysis | show 🗑
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| A chart that focuses improvement initiatives on the most common root cause of the problem | show 🗑
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| show | Spaghetti diagram in which flows are drawn as lines on a map, I need to follow a medication through a hospital from order generation to administration of the medication.
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