Epidemiology 1
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| show | number of existing cases in the population at a moment in time
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| show | number of new cases in the disease-free population that develop over a period of time
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| Formula for prevalence? | show 🗑
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| show | cohort study
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| prevalence is measured with what type of study? | show 🗑
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| show | study in which people in a population are examined for the presence of a disease of interest at a given point in time
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| Advantages of cross-sectional studies (3). Disadvantages of cross-sectional studies (2). | show 🗑
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| What statistical test to estimate causal relationships? | show 🗑
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| What statistical test to estimate relative risk or exposure? | show 🗑
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| Formula for Incidence? | show 🗑
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| When is prevalence > incidence? | show 🗑
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| When is prevalence = incidence? | show 🗑
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| show | 1 - sensitivity
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| show | 1 - specificity
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| show | a=dz with + test; b=false +; c=false neg; d=real neg result. Sensitivity is the number of TRUE POSITIVES divided by the number of all people with the disease, the probability of a POSITIVE TEST given that a person has the disease. a/(a+c)
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| show | a=dz with + test; b=false +; c=false neg; d=real neg result. Specificity is the number of TRUE NEGATIVES divided by the number of all people without the disease, probability of a NEGATIVE TEST given that a person does not have dz.
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| PPV - what is it and what is the formula? | show 🗑
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| NPV - what is it and what is the formula? | show 🗑
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| show | greater specificity or higher prevalence will give a better PPV
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| show | greater sesitivity or lower prevalence will give a better NPV
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| Number of true positives divided by the number of people who tested positive for the disease? | show 🗑
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| The probability of having a condition given a positive test? | show 🗑
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| show | Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
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| show | Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
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| show | Unlike sensitivity and specificity, predictive values are dependent on the PREVALENCE of the disease.
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| show | how much more or less likely a given test result is in diseased vs. non-diseased people
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| what is a pretest probability | show 🗑
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| what do you use a likelihood ratio for? What is a +LR? What is a -LR? | show 🗑
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| formula for + likelihood ratio | show 🗑
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| formula for - likelihood ratio | show 🗑
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| What does it mean if a test has an LR of 1? 10? 0.1? | show 🗑
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| show | the chances that your patient has a disease, given the test result. Formula is Pre-test odds (individualized) x likelihood ratio.
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| Odds Ratio (OR)? | show 🗑
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| For Odds Ratio, odds are calculated xxx as the number with disease divided by the number without disease. | show 🗑
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| In what situation does Odds Ratio (OR) approximate Relative Risk? | show 🗑
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| show | Odds Ratio is used for CASE-CONTROL studies.
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| What is the absolute risk? | show 🗑
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| Formula for Odds Ratio? | show 🗑
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| Formula for Relative Risk? | show 🗑
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| Formula for Attributable Risk? | show 🗑
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| Relative Risk (RR)? | show 🗑
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| show | Risk is calculated WITHIN A GROUP as the number with disease divided by the total number of people in the group.
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| Relative Risk (RR) is used for xxx studies. | show 🗑
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| show | FALSE POS. There IS an effect or difference when none exists (to mistakenly accept the experimental hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis).
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| p is judged against xxx, a preset level of significance (usually < 0.05). | show 🗑
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| p = ? | show 🗑
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| If p < 0.05, then there is less than a 5% chance that xxx. | show 🗑
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| show | alpha = you "saw" a difference that did NOT exist--for example, convicting an innocent man.
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| In a four quadrant box, power lies in what region? | show 🗑
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| show | Alpha is at the intersection of column H0 (reality) and row H1 (study results)
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| In a four quadrant box, beta lies in what region? | show 🗑
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| To commit a Type II error (beta) is to state what? | show 🗑
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| Beta is the probability of making a type xxx error. | show 🗑
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| show | Beta = you did not "see" a difference that does exist--for example, setting a guilty man free.
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| Qualitative definition of Power? What is its formula? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Total number of end points experienced by population. 2. Difference in COMPLIANCE b/w treatment groups (differences in the mean values b/w groups). 3. Size of expected effect.
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| show | If you INCREASE sample size, you increase Power. There is Power in numbers.
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| show | SEM = SD/(square root of sample size)
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| show | SEM < SD?
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| SEM xxx as sample size increases? | show 🗑
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| For a Normal (Gaussian) distributional curve, SD of 1 = x%? | show 🗑
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| For a Normal (Gaussian) distributional curve, SD of 2 = x%? | show 🗑
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| For a Normal (Gaussian) distributional curve, SD of 3 = x%? | show 🗑
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| show | CI = range from [mean - Z(SEM)] to [mean + Z(SEM)]
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| The 95% CI corresponds to what p value? | show 🗑
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| For the 95% CI, Z = xxx. | show 🗑
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| If the 95% CI for a xxx between 2 variables includes 0, then there is no significant difference and H0 is NOT rejected. | show 🗑
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| show | If the 95% CI for ODDS RATIO or RELATIVE RISK includes 1, then H0 is NOT rejected.
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| show | difference b/w 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes (NOT mean values).
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| Chi squared = | show 🗑
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| r squared = | show 🗑
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| show | B.A. S.S.S.M.M.A.R.T. Chicken or you're Gone: Hep A, Hep B, Salmonella, Shigella, Syphilis, Measles Mumps, AIDS Rubella, TB, Chicken, Gonorrhea
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| Which disease can vary by state for reporting? | show 🗑
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| show | hospital
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| Medicare Part B = | show 🗑
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| what is a cohort study? | show 🗑
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| Advantages of cohort study (3) | show 🗑
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| Disadvantages of cohort study (3) | show 🗑
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| What is a case-controlled study | show 🗑
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| Advantages of case-controlled study (3) | show 🗑
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| Disadvantages of case-controlled study (2) | show 🗑
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| show | probability of event / (1-prob of event)
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| formula for probability | show 🗑
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| show | measurement bias
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| What kind of bias: found in retrospective studies | show 🗑
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| show | lead-time bias
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| show | length bias
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| what is the confidence interval? | show 🗑
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| What does it mean if a CI includes the value corresponding to a relative risk of 1? | show 🗑
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| If the CI is wide, then the power is… | show 🗑
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| show | Cause and effect diagram – Fishbone or Ishakawa diagram
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| show | a Pareto chart
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| show | Spaghetti diagram in which flows are drawn as lines on a map, I need to follow a medication through a hospital from order generation to administration of the medication.
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