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Physics Test 2

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answer
question
  the routine, periodic evaluation of an ultrasound system to guarantee optimal image quality  
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ACR (American college of radiology)   Who accredits the lab?  
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Two (semiannually)   How many times a year does the ACR accredit the labs?  
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True (helpful by heating muscles)   True or false, bioeffects are helpful in therapeutic applications in ultrasound  
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Grayscale, scattering, and attenuation (but test objects do not)   What do TE phantoms check?  
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True   True or false, test objects test the beam profile  
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True   True or false, sonographers can use phantoms  
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Graphite filled aqueous gel or urethane rubber materials which are closest to soft tissue attenuation and propagation speed   What are TE phantoms made of?  
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1.54 mm/us   What is the propagation speed in gels?  
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gray scale, tissue texture, multifocus, and adjustable focus phased array transducers   What can TE phantoms evaluate?  
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testing of detail and contrast resolutions, penetration (depth), dynamic range, and TGC operation   TE phantoms stimulate tissue properties, allowing for what?  
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False   True or false, test objects stimulate tissue characteristics  
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Flow and gate location   What does doppler test object tests?  
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gas bubbles   What is a disadvantage of TE/Doppler phantoms  
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Hydrophone   What measures output?  
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The membrane is made of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)   What are hydrophones made out of?  
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Anything that deals with pulse; PRP, PRF, PD, duty factor, amplitude, & intensity   What can a hydrophone measure?  
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Total power in a sound beam (heating)   What does the calorimeter measure?  
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Automated probe tester   How does an individual transducer get tested?  
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Dosimetry   The science of identifying and measuring the characteristics of an ultrasound beam that are relevant to bioeffects  
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"cause and effect"   Mechanistic  
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"exposure and response"   Empirical approach  
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as low as reasonably achievable (low power, low time)   What does ALARA stand for  
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plants   What do they test cavitation on  
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In vivo   What types of tests are within the living body of a plant or animal  
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In virto   What type of tests are performed outside the living body in an artificial environment ie cells outside the body  
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focused   Which is less dangerous, an unfocused beam or a focused beam?  
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1W/cm2   No bioeffects have been noted in a focused beam intensities below _____________  
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100 mW/cm2 (.1 watt)   No bioeffects is an unfocused beam with intensities below ______________  
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0.3 MPa   (MI) No bioeffects with peak rare fractional pressures below ________  
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absorption (conversion of ultrasound to heat)   What is attenuation primarily due to  
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2   Temperature rises are significant if they exceed _____ degrees C  
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bone   What part of the body has highest absorption coefficient  
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50   For exposure duration up to _____ hours, there have been no significant bioeffects  
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Cavitation   The production and behavior of bubbles in a liquid medium  
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Stable   What type of cavitation describes bubbles that oscillate in diameter  
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Transient   What type of cavitation describes bubbles that are so large that they collapse  
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MI (mechanical index)   High pressure makes bubbles shrink. Low pressure (rarefraction) bubbles expand and burst  
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at peak rarefraction pressures (high negative pressures) and low frequencies   When does cavitation occur  
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FDA   Who regulates the ultrasound equipment  
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AIUM   Who makes the statements about prudent use of diagnostic ultrasound that benefits outweighs the risk, if any, to be present  
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False (schools are research are okay to use)   Ultrasound should only be used when there is a clinical benefit, true or false?  
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Epidemiology   A branch of medicine that uses population studies  
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Spectral doppler are the highest, then M mode and color doppler, and grayscale outputs are the lowest   What has higher output, spectral doppler or gray scale?  
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