Genetics
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| Complete set of genetic information | Genome
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| Transcription | copying info on DNA to RNA
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| has a 5 prime end and a 3 prime end | single strand of DNA
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| Describe the 2 strands of DNA | In a double helix and are anti-paralell
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| Denaturing | The seperating of a double strand of DNA
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| Transcribed from one of the 2 strands of DNA | A single strand of RNA
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| 3 Functional groups of RNA | messenger (mRNA), ribosonal (rRNA), transfer (tRNA)
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| When double-stranded DNA is duplicated before cell division so that its info passed on to next generation | DNA replication
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| When info in DNA is deciphered | expressed
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| Two processes in gene expression | transcription & translation
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| Serves as a temporary form of genetic information and is what is actually deciphered | RNA
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| Central dogma of molecular biology | theflow of info from DNA (transcription) to RNA to protien
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| composed of neucleotides | single strand DNA
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| The covalent bond that joins DNA | 5 phosphates (5 prime) & 3 OH (3 Prime)
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| sugar-phosphate backbone | alternating sugar / phosphate joined by A, T, G, C
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| Occurs as a double-stranded helix structure | DNA
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| The characteristic bonding of A to T and G to C | Base pairing
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| Rules of base pairing | One strand can always be used as a templatefor synthesis of complementary, opposing strand
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| Transcript | fragment of DNA synthesized by using a region of DNA strand
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| RNA differs from DNA in these ways: | 1) has riboneucleotides, not deoxyneucleotides 2) contains uracil instead of thymine 3) RNA single stranded and shorter
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| Are 2 complementary strands of RNA usually generated? | NO
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| Hydrogen bonding of base pairs | 3 between G & C, 2 between A & T
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| mRNA | Regulation of its synthesis leads to control of protien synthesis - short lived
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| Replication of DNA | Semiconservative: each of 2 molecules contains 1 old strand & 1 new - Bidirectional, as replication goes in both directions in a "bubble" shape
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| DNA polymerase | enzymes that synthesize DNA, using one strand as a template to generate complementary strand
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| These enzymes can ONLY add neucleotides onto preexisting fragment of neucleic acid | DNA Polymerase - then fragments serve as primer
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| Always enlongates chain in 5' 3' direction | DNA polermerase
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| DNA gyrase | breaks strands of DNA which server to temporarily ease tension - the target of antibacterical meds
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| DNA Lygase | joins 2 DNA fragments by forming covalent bond
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| Helicases | unwind helix ahead of replication fork
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| Okaki Fragment | neucleic acid fragment generated during discontinuos replication of lagging strand of DNA
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| Primase | Synthesizes small fragments of RNA to serve as primers for DNA
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| 250 Neuclotides | needed for DNA replication
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| Codon | 3 neucletides that code for specific amino acid
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| Promoter | neucleotide sequence to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription
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| Ribosome | facilitates joining of amino acids durring translation
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| DNA synthesized from what direction? | 5' 3'
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| DNA read from | 3' 5'
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| Where active replication occurs | replication fork
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| Causes RNA polymerase to fall off DNA template and release newly synthesized RNA | Transcription terminator
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| how is info on mRNA read? | genetic code
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| Begins when ribosome binds to the ribosome binding site on mRNA, even if it is still being synthesized | Iniation of translation
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| Removes introns from eukaryotic precursor RNA to generate mRNA | Splicing
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| Function as the site of translation | Ribosomes - 70s & 30s subunit
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| Segments of RNA that act as keys that interpret genetic code | tRNA
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| Anticodon | sequence of 3 neucleotides - allows tRNA to bind w/ appropriate codon
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| Facilitates the joining of amino acids during translation - made of protien | Ribosomes
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| The target of antibacterial drugs | Ribosomes
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| Type of RNA present in ribosomes | rRNA
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| The first AUG after a binding site | Start codon
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| mRNA is processed, with a cap and poly A tail attached | Eukaryotic
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| contain inrons which are removed by splicing | Eukaryotic
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| The mRNA MUST be transported out of the nucleus before it can be translated in cytoplasm | Eukaryotic
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| mRNA is NOT processed | Prokaryotes
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| mRNA does NOT contain introns | Prokaryotes
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| Translation in mRNA begins as it is being transcribed | Prokaryotes
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| mRNA Polycistronic: it begins at the first AUG that follows a ribosome binding site | Prokaryotes
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| Employs a repressor that prevents transcrption of genes when lactose NOT available | lac operon
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| Catabolite repression | prevents transcription of lac operon when GLUCOSE is available
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| Could two m-RNA’s have different nucleotide sequences and yet code for the same protein? | Yes. Each amino acid has several different triplet codes. Different triplet codes might be used to code for the same amino acids in two separate m-RNA’s.
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| Would a deletion of two base pairs have a greater consequence if it occurred in an intron or in an exon? | Since an intron is only a spacing sequence that does not code for any amino acid sequence, a deletion would not be expected to cause any changes.
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| Sigma factors bind to | promoters
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| one gene encodes: | One protien
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| DNA is composed of | 4 different units
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| A cell's genome is composed of | DNA
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| held together by hydrogen bond | DNA strands
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| adds a nucleotide to the 5' end | DNA Polymerase
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| occurs in mitochondria of eucaryotes and polymerize or cut RNA | Ribozymes
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| uses DNA for a template | RNA Polymerase
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| Expresses only a SINGLE protien | eukaryotic mRNA
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