Psy Chapter 10
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| Emotions | Mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences
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| Discrete Emotions Theory | Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology.
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| Primary Emotions | A small number of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal.
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| Secondary Emotions | Are emotions created by mixing primary emotions together.
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| Display Rules | Cross cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions.
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| Duchenne Smile | A genuine smile.
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| Pan Am Smile | A fake smile, which is marked by the movement of the mouth but not the eyes.
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| Cognitive Theories of Emotion | Theories that propose that emotions are the products of thinking.
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| James-Lange Theory of Emotion | The oldest cognitive theory of emotion, which proposes that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli.
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| Damasio's Somatic Marker Theory | A theory proposing that we use our "gut reactions" to help us determine how we should act.
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| Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion | A theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.
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| Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory of Emotion | A theory proposing that emotions are produced by a universal state of arousal along with an explanation of that arousal.
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| Unconscious Influences on Emotion | Are variables outside our awareness that can affect our feelings.
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| Facial Feedback Hypothesis | A theory proposing that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, which alters our experience of emotions.
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| Nonverbal Leakage | The unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior.
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| Curse of Knowledge | When we know something, we often make the mistake of assuming others know it too.
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| Illustrators | Gestures that highlight or accentuate speech.
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| Manipulators | Gestures in which one body part interacts with another body part. (ex biting nails)
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| Emblems | Gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by members of a culture, such as waving your hand.
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| Proxemics | The study of personal space.
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| Public Distance | 12+ feet, typically used for public speaking.
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| Social Distance | 4 - 12 feet, typically used for conversations among strangers and casual acquaintances.
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| Personal Distance | 1.5 - 4 feet, typically used for conversations among close friends or romantic partners.
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| Intimate Distance | 0 - 1.5 feet, typically used for kissing, hugging, whispering, and affectionate touching.
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| Pinocchio Response | A supposed perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying.
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| Voice Stress Analysis | People's voices increase in pitch when they lie.
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| Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) | An alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people do not.
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| Brain Fingerprinting | A technique that measures brain waves to measure the recognition of concealed knowledge.
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| Integrity Tests | Questionnaires that presumably assesses worker's tendency to steal or cheat.
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| Positive Psychology | A discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths.
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| Defensive Pessimism | The strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes.
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| Happiness | Defined as one's subject sense of how satisfied they are with life.
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| Broaden and Build Theory | A theory by Barbara Fredrickson that proposes that happiness predisposes us to think more openly.
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| Positivity Effect | The tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age.
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| Affective Forecasting | The ability to predict our own and others' happiness.
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| Durability Bias | The belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do.
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| Hedonic Treadmill | Tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances.
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| Motivation | Psychological drives that propel us in specific directions.
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| Drive Reduction Theory | A theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize these states.
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| Homeostasis | Internal equilibrium.
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| Yerkes Dodson Law | An inverted U-shaped graph between arousal and performance.
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| Stimulus Hunger | Happens when we're under aroused, where we see to find stimulation.
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| Approach | Are predispositions toward certain stimuli we like, such as food or sexual desire.
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| Avoidance | A disposition toward stimuli we do not like, such as rude people or scary animals.
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| Approach-approach conflict | Being given two choices which are both pleasant.
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| Avoidance-avoidance conflict | Being given two choices which are both not pleasant.
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| Approach-avoidance conflict | Having a choice that has good and bad aspects.
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| Double approach-avoidance conflict | Being given two choices that both have good and bad aspects.
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| Incentive Theories | Theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals.
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| Intrinsic Motivation | Is being motivated by internal goals.
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| Extrinsic Motivation | Is being motivated by external goals.
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| Contrast Effect | Once we receive reinforcement for doing something, we anticipate that reinforcement again, and if the reinforcement is taken away, we're less likely to perform the behavior.
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| Primary Needs | Biological necessities such as hunger and thirst.
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| Secondary Needs | Psychological desires, such as the need for achievement.
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| Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Proposes that we must satisfy physiological needs and safety needs before progressing to more complex needs.
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| Ghrelin | A hormone that communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger.
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| Cholecystokinin | A hormone that decreases hunger.
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| Glucostatic Theory | A theory that proposes that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose.
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| Leptin | A hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used.
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| Set Point | The value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass that we tend to maintain.
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| Portion Distortion | The supersizing of food portions.
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| Internal-external Theory | A theory that states that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues rather than internal cues.
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| Bulimia Nervosa | An eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging food in an effort to lose or maintain weight.
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| Anorexia Nervosa | An eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight.
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| Libido | Sexual desire.
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| Sexual Response Cycle | This cycle happens in four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
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| Excitement Phase | The first phase, in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes.
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| Plateau Phase | The second phase, in which sexual tension builds.
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| Orgasm Phase | The third phase, marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both males and females.
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| Resolution Phase | The fourth and final phase, which follows orgasm, where people report relaxation and a sense of well-being.
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| Androgens | Sex hormones that are present in the womb while a fetus develops.
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| Major Principles that Guide Attraction | Proximity, similarity, and reciprocity.
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| Proximity | Physical nearness, a predictor of attraction.
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| Similarity | The extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction.
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| Reciprocity | The rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction.
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| Passionate Love | Is love marked by powerful, even overwhelming longing for one's partner.
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| Companionate Love | Love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one's partner.
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| Triangular Theory of Love | Consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment.
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| mere exposure effect | Phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it
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| Self-esteem | evaluation of self-worth
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| narcissism | a personality trait marked by extreme self-centeredness
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| Positive illusions | Tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do
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