PSYC Chapter 10 Word Scramble
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| Term | Definition |
| Emotions | Mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences |
| Discrete Emotions Theory | Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology. |
| Primary Emotions | A small number of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal. |
| Secondary Emotions | Are emotions created by mixing primary emotions together. |
| Display Rules | Cross cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions. |
| Duchenne Smile | A genuine smile. |
| Pan Am Smile | A fake smile, which is marked by the movement of the mouth but not the eyes. |
| Cognitive Theories of Emotion | Theories that propose that emotions are the products of thinking. |
| James-Lange Theory of Emotion | The oldest cognitive theory of emotion, which proposes that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli. |
| Damasio's Somatic Marker Theory | A theory proposing that we use our "gut reactions" to help us determine how we should act. |
| Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion | A theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions. |
| Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory of Emotion | A theory proposing that emotions are produced by a universal state of arousal along with an explanation of that arousal. |
| Unconscious Influences on Emotion | Are variables outside our awareness that can affect our feelings. |
| Facial Feedback Hypothesis | A theory proposing that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, which alters our experience of emotions. |
| Nonverbal Leakage | The unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior. |
| Curse of Knowledge | When we know something, we often make the mistake of assuming others know it too. |
| Illustrators | Gestures that highlight or accentuate speech. |
| Manipulators | Gestures in which one body part interacts with another body part. (ex biting nails) |
| Emblems | Gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by members of a culture, such as waving your hand. |
| Proxemics | The study of personal space. |
| Public Distance | 12+ feet, typically used for public speaking. |
| Social Distance | 4 - 12 feet, typically used for conversations among strangers and casual acquaintances. |
| Personal Distance | 1.5 - 4 feet, typically used for conversations among close friends or romantic partners. |
| Intimate Distance | 0 - 1.5 feet, typically used for kissing, hugging, whispering, and affectionate touching. |
| Pinocchio Response | A supposed perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying. |
| Voice Stress Analysis | People's voices increase in pitch when they lie. |
| Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) | An alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people do not. |
| Brain Fingerprinting | A technique that measures brain waves to measure the recognition of concealed knowledge. |
| Integrity Tests | Questionnaires that presumably assesses worker's tendency to steal or cheat. |
| Positive Psychology | A discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths. |
| Defensive Pessimism | The strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes. |
| Happiness | Defined as one's subject sense of how satisfied they are with life. |
| Broaden and Build Theory | A theory by Barbara Fredrickson that proposes that happiness predisposes us to think more openly. |
| Positivity Effect | The tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age. |
| Affective Forecasting | The ability to predict our own and others' happiness. |
| Durability Bias | The belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do. |
| Hedonic Treadmill | Tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances. |
| Motivation | Psychological drives that propel us in specific directions. |
| Drive Reduction Theory | A theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize these states. |
| Homeostasis | Internal equilibrium. |
| Yerkes Dodson Law | An inverted U-shaped graph between arousal and performance. |
| Stimulus Hunger | Happens when we're under aroused, where we see to find stimulation. |
| Approach | Are predispositions toward certain stimuli we like, such as food or sexual desire. |
| Avoidance | A disposition toward stimuli we do not like, such as rude people or scary animals. |
| Approach-approach conflict | Being given two choices which are both pleasant. |
| Avoidance-avoidance conflict | Being given two choices which are both not pleasant. |
| Approach-avoidance conflict | Having a choice that has good and bad aspects. |
| Double approach-avoidance conflict | Being given two choices that both have good and bad aspects. |
| Incentive Theories | Theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | Is being motivated by internal goals. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | Is being motivated by external goals. |
| Contrast Effect | Once we receive reinforcement for doing something, we anticipate that reinforcement again, and if the reinforcement is taken away, we're less likely to perform the behavior. |
| Primary Needs | Biological necessities such as hunger and thirst. |
| Secondary Needs | Psychological desires, such as the need for achievement. |
| Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Proposes that we must satisfy physiological needs and safety needs before progressing to more complex needs. |
| Ghrelin | A hormone that communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger. |
| Cholecystokinin | A hormone that decreases hunger. |
| Glucostatic Theory | A theory that proposes that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose. |
| Leptin | A hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used. |
| Set Point | The value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass that we tend to maintain. |
| Portion Distortion | The supersizing of food portions. |
| Internal-external Theory | A theory that states that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues rather than internal cues. |
| Bulimia Nervosa | An eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging food in an effort to lose or maintain weight. |
| Anorexia Nervosa | An eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight. |
| Libido | Sexual desire. |
| Sexual Response Cycle | This cycle happens in four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. |
| Excitement Phase | The first phase, in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes. |
| Plateau Phase | The second phase, in which sexual tension builds. |
| Orgasm Phase | The third phase, marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both males and females. |
| Resolution Phase | The fourth and final phase, which follows orgasm, where people report relaxation and a sense of well-being. |
| Androgens | Sex hormones that are present in the womb while a fetus develops. |
| Major Principles that Guide Attraction | Proximity, similarity, and reciprocity. |
| Proximity | Physical nearness, a predictor of attraction. |
| Similarity | The extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction. |
| Reciprocity | The rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction. |
| Passionate Love | Is love marked by powerful, even overwhelming longing for one's partner. |
| Companionate Love | Love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one's partner. |
| Triangular Theory of Love | Consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment. |
| mere exposure effect | Phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it |
| Self-esteem | evaluation of self-worth |
| narcissism | a personality trait marked by extreme self-centeredness |
| Positive illusions | Tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do |
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