Psych Unit 4 Vocab
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| Sensation | Actually sensing shit
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| Sensory receptors | Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
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| Perception | Processing the shit that we sense
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| Bottom up processing | When we see new shit, starts with our sensory receptors and then works up
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| Top down processing | Draws on our experience and works down
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| Transduction | Transforming one energy form to another, light --> neural impulse
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| Psychophysics | Studies relationship between detected physical energy and its effects on our psychological experiences
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| Absolute threshold | The minimum stimulation to detect jawns 50% of the time
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| Signal Detection Theory | Predicts when we'll detect weak signals
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| Subliminal | Describes stimuli below someone's absolute threshold
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| Prime/Priming | Prepping someone to expect a certain jawn
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| Difference threshold (JND) | The minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli 50% of the time
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| Weber's Law | For an average person to perceive a stimulus, two stimuli must differ by a certain constant minimum percentage (but it changes by situation)
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| Sensory adaptation | Diminished sensitivity from prolonged stimulation
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| Perceptual set | The disposition to view one thing and not another
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| Wavelength | Distance from one peak to the next, determines hue and pitch
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| Amplitude | "Heigh" of a wave, determines intensity of color and sound
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| Retina | A multilayered tissue on the eyeball's inner surface that light hits
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| Accommodation | The lens changing curvature and thickness to focus light onto the retina
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| Lens | What light hits after passing through the pupil
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| Photoreceptors | A receptor for light stimuli (rods and cones)
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| Rods | Retinal receptors that detect black, white, gray, and peripheral vision
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| Cones | Retinal receptors that detect more detail and color
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| Optic nerve | The nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain
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| Blind spot | Where the optic nerve leaves the eye, creates a blind spot because it has no photoreceptors
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| Fovea | The retina's area of central focus where cones cluster
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| Near sightedness | Close objects are clear, but far ones aren't
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| Far sightedness | Nearby objects are blurry, but far ones are clear
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| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | There's three colors that there are hues for that combine for perceiving any color
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| Afterimages | Images we see after looking at jawns
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| Opponent process theory | Vision depends on opposing retinal processes, red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black
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| Ganglion cells | Projection neurons of the retina
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| Dichromatism | Color-blindness where two of three primary colors are preserved
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| Monochromatism | Complete color-blindness, all colors appear as shades of one color
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| Gestalt | An organization of pieces into meaningful wholes
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| Figure ground | The organization of the visual field into objects
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| Grouping | The tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
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| Proximity | Humans group nearby objects together
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| Closure | Humans fill in gaps to create a complete object
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| Binocular cues | A depth cue depending on use of two eyes
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| Retinal disparity | Compares images for the eyes, the greater the disparity the closer the object
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| Monocular cues | Depth cues for individual eyes
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| Phi phenomenon | An optical illusion that causes one to see several still images in a series as moving
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| Perceptual constancy | Perceiving objects as constant even though our sensation of the object changes
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| Color and brightness constancy | Perceiving objects as having the same level of brightness/color even though the level of lighting changes
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| Shape and size constancy | Perceiving objects as staying the same size even when they're far away or close up
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| Perceptual adaptation | The ability to adjust to damaged sensory input
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| Hearing difficulties | Having trouble hearing
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| Sensorineural deafness | Damage to inner ear, common old age deafness
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| Conduction deafness | Problem transferring sound waves in the ear
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| Sound localization | The ability to identify the location of a sound source
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| Place theory | States our perception of sound depends on where frequency productions vibrations
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| Frequency theory | States our perception of sound depends on temporal patterns with which neurons respond to sound in the cochlea
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| Volley theory | Neurons respond to a sound by firing action potentials slightly out of phase to create a greater frequency combined to be analyzed by the brain
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| Gate control theory | Spinal cord has a neurological "gate" that controls the transmission of pain messages to the brain
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| Selective attention | Focusing on one thing, can relieve pain
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| Phantom limb sensation | Creation of pain after a limb amputation
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| Olfaction | The sense of smell
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| Thalamus | Sensory switchboard of the brain
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| Pheromones | A chemical substance serving as a stimulus to others of the same species
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| Gustation | The sense of taste
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| Taste receptors | Cellular receptors that facilitate the sense of taste
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| Umami | Savory, basically, combines with sweet, sour, salt, and bitter as our building blocks for taste
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| Oleogustus | A sixth taste, it's the taste for fat
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| Super tasters | Individuals with sensitive senses of taste
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| Medium tasters | Someone with an average sense of taste
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| Non tasters | Someone who has difficulty tasting
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| Kinesthesia | Awareness of position and movement of body parts
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| Vestibular sense | A sensory system for balance and spatial awareness
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| Semicircular canals | Three fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that keep jawns balanced
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| Sensory interaction | The process of our senses combining together
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| Synesthesia | Experiencing multiple sense at once, like hearing color
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| Blind sight | A neurological condition where someone can perceive the location of an object despite being cortically blind
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| Prosopagnosia | Face blindness, not being able to recognize faces
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