Fossils, Primates, Etc.
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| show | having five fingers and five toes (postcranial adaptation)
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| Prehensile | show 🗑
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| Pronograde vs. orthograde | show 🗑
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| show | arboreal primate that leaps from tree to tree staying upright
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| Quadrupedalism | show 🗑
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| Brachiation | show 🗑
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| Bipedalism | show 🗑
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| quadrumanous | show 🗑
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| knuckle walking | show 🗑
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| show | the postorbital bar is a bone which runs around the eyesocket of strepsirrhine primates whereas postorbital closure is a wall of thin bone behind the eye
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| Diurnal vs. nocturnal | show 🗑
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| Insectivory (how related to body size?), folivory, frugivory and omnivory | show 🗑
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| tooth comb | show 🗑
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| show | specialized claw or nail on the foot of certain primates, used for personal grooming
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| show | moist, naked surface around the nostrils which contains nerve receptors for smell and touch
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| show | layer of tissue in the eye which contributes to superior night vision
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| ischial callosities | show 🗑
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| bilophodont molars | show 🗑
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| dental formula | show 🗑
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| show | having two body types
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| sagittal crest | show 🗑
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| homologous traits | show 🗑
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| show | acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages
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| show | The postcranial, cranial, life history, and ecological trends distinguise the primate order
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| show | Primates is highly diverse group and there is no single trait that is shared by all Primates and distinguishes Primates from other mammals
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| show | 250-290 living species; at least 30% of them are in danger of extinction
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| show | No. They are treeshrews.
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| What is the difference between traditional primate taxonomy and the revised primate taxonomy? Why has the taxonomy been revised? | show 🗑
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| show | fused frontal skull bone, larger brain, postorbital closure, no grooming claw, different blood supply to brain and placentation, and reliance on color vision
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| show | plat - found only in Central/South America, have broad, flat, sideways oriented nostrils, 2:1:3:3 dental formula, arboreal, some scent mark, prehensile tail
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| show | Cerco - predominately Afican, broad incisors (spoon for soft fruit), molars with low rounded cusps (to mush fruit), cheek pouches, arm/leg lengths similar, adapted to mix of habitats
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| What features distinguish Cercopithecoidea from Hominoidea | show 🗑
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| Infanticide avoidance strategy | show 🗑
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| What is evolution? | show 🗑
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| show | There is no change in life forms over time, no creation of species
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| What evidence supports the theory of evolution? | show 🗑
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| show | punctuated equilibrium is an abrupt dramatic change over short period of time whereas the phylogenetic gradualism theory says evolution happens gradually over time
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| Know the estimated age of the universe, the solar system and the timing for the origin of life on earth. Compared to this deep geologic time, how long have primate like mammals been present on earth? | show 🗑
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| show | absolute - provides an estimate of number of years before present that a sample was deposited through radioactive materials; relative - places geologic & evolutionary events in sequential order, relies on association
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| show | younger layers are higher than older layers
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| How is faunal and lithographic correlation useful in dating? | show 🗑
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| show | It shows that the organisms undergo a series of events that have great possibility of diminishing remains of what had been living at a particular time
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| show | lake margins, river beds, caves
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| What can fossil remains tell us about the way an organism lived? | show 🗑
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| Is the diversity of modern primates (i.e the number of genera and species) a good reflection of the total of diversity apparent in the fossil record? | show 🗑
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| Know the rough chronologic boundaries of the Cenozoic Era and the 6 epochs that we will discuss (Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene) | show 🗑
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| show | South America was an island continent for much of the past 55my, contact with North America only in the last 2-4my, helps us understand why modern South American primates are so distinct
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| What can you tell me about the Mesozoic/Cenozoic boundary? | show 🗑
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| show | first primate-like mammal
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| What can you tell me about the distribution of primates in the Eocene? | show 🗑
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| show | greenhouse warming event due to multiple variables including mobilization of seabed methane
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| Have a general idea about the relationship between the Eocene Adapiformes & Omomyoids and modern Strepsirhines and Haplorhines | show 🗑
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| show | dental formula of 2.1.4.3 to 2.1.3.3, small brains, skulls with postorbital bar, flat nails on at least some digits, wide rane of ecological niches
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| Characteristics of Adapiformes | show 🗑
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| show | lacked grooming claw & toothcomb, but had unfused frontal bone, long snout, and postorbital bar, arboreal quadruped, leaves and fruit in digestive system; messel locality - volcanic basin lake, semi-tropical environment
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| Characteristics of Omomyiformes | show 🗑
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| Key climatic/ecological/continental events of the Oligocene | show 🗑
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| show | euprimates disappear in Europe and rare in North America, anthropoid monkeys and apes are more abundant in Africa/Asia
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| Where and what is the Fayum Depression? How was dated and why is it important to our understanding of primate evolution? | show 🗑
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| Characterize Aegyptopithecus | show 🗑
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| show | shared trait found among two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor, whose ancestor in turn does not possess the trait
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| show | No. features linking tarsiers to monkeys and apes are not clearly found in omomyoids
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| Branisella | show 🗑
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| show | may have rafted from Africa, North America, and Antarctica through the mid-Atlantic ridge with exposed land masses
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| show |
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| show | last common ancestor, point of divergence
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| show | cold, mini global warming, cold
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| show | relatively less diversity in OWM as opposed to apes
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| show | intermediate between extant OWM and common ancestor they share with apes, shares several features seen in aegyptopithecus and some miocene fossil apes, small bodied, terrestrial quadruped
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| Morotopithecus | show 🗑
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| show | co-existed in Asia with human ancestors, largest known primate, terrestrial, affinities with orangutan
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| show | bipedalism, proportionally longer lower limbs, shorter toes, arched foot, bowl-like pelvis, knees and feet below center of gravity, curvature of sprine improves balance,
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| Australopithecus sediba | show 🗑
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| Ardipithecus ramidus | show 🗑
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| Homo erectus | show 🗑
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| Homo neanderthalensis | show 🗑
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| Homo sapiens | show 🗑
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| show | loris; natural ability to hunt insects (slow climbing, really big eyes, and mobile ears)
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| Galagos (also known as busy babies) | show 🗑
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| show | lemur; uses middle finger to knock on tree, then uses it to stick in hole and pull out food
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| show | lemur
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| show | cheirogaleides lemur
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| show | Cebodia - Platyrrhines - Haplorines; very small, claw-like nails (to gain support from trees), birth to twins, paternal care
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| Owl monkeys | show 🗑
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| show | ceodia - platyrrhines - haplorines; have prehensile tails, share many feautures with apes (brachiation capability)
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| show | loudest land mammal, primarily folivorous
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| Macaques | show 🗑
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| show |
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| Silvery langur | show 🗑
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| Hylobates (gibbons) (showed video of their locomotion) | show 🗑
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| Pongo (orangutans) | show 🗑
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| Gorilla (gorillas) | show 🗑
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| Pan (bonobos & the common chimpanzee) | show 🗑
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| show | more dimorphic than gibbons less than apes, bipedal, large brains, thin body hair, omnivorous, widely dispersed, symbolic behavior and language
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| show | generalized limbs (pentadactyly), prehensile hands and feet, flat nails, friction/tactile pad on fingers & toes, hindlimb dominated locomotion, diagnoal gait sequence, center of gravity near hindlimb, vertical posture tendency, and diversity of locomotion
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| show | VCL, quadrupedalism (arboreal, terrestrial, slow climbing, and leaping), brachiation, and bipedalism
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| What are the cranial adaptations found in the primate order that distinguise them from other mammalian orders? | show 🗑
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| show | Most platyrrhines have 2.1.3.3 and most catarrhines have 2.1.2.3
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| show | females invest heavily in offspring (long interbirth intervals, small litters, processes concerned with nourishing fetus before birth), gestation, maturation, and lifespan is prolonged
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| show | generally found in the tropics and subtropics, most are diurnal, feel on high quality diet (4 kinds, dental differences based on diet)
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| What dental trait is associated with a primate that eats hard foods like nuts? | show 🗑
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| What results in extreme dimorphism? | show 🗑
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| show | features: tooth comb, grooming claw, small brain, reliance on smell, rhinarium, tapetum lucidum; distribution: Africa/Asia (lorises), Madagascar (lemur)
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| What are the general features and distribution of tarsiers? | show 🗑
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| What features distinguish Catarrhines from Platyrrhines? | show 🗑
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| show | features: 2:1:2:3 dental formula, terrestrial and arboreal, ischial callosities, bilophodont molars; Distribution: Africa/Asia
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| show | colo - both African/Asian, folivorous, narrow incisors (to clip foliage), molars with sharp cusps (breaks down foliage), complex sacculated stomachs, long legs/tails but reduced thumbs (increased ability for leaping)
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| show | diverse organisms share the same structures from a common ancestor (homologies); animals from nearby regions are similar (either from common ancestor or environment adaptation); organisms share similar developmental patterns
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| What does paleontology reveal about evolution? Genetics? | show 🗑
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| show | spontaneous changes in DNA passed from one generation to the next through deletion, substitution, duplication, inversion, insertion, and translocation
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| What is natural selection? | show 🗑
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| show | exchange of genes between populations through migration or mating
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| show | effect of random changes (i.e. death) from one generation to the next (ex. wildflowers affected by landslide where a lot of variation is eradicated)
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| show | arboreal theory (ability to grasp with nails revolve around truelike habitat), visual predation hypothesis (adaptations by hunting insects in arboreal environment), angiosperm coevolution hypothesis (environment/primate coevolve better suit each other)
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