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| motivation | the drive to seek out a goal, such as food, water, or friends
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| emotion | a state of the body causing feelings, such as hope, fear, or love
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| hypothalamus | part of the lower brain that controls such basic needs and desires such as pleasure, pain, fear, rage, hunger, thirst, and sex
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| amygdala | brain structure responsible for emotional responses of aggression and fear
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| reticular formation | unit in the brain that registers and controls activity level, increases excitement, and helps generate sleep
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| pituitary gland | gland that controls other glands and hormones, as well as producing its own hormone that regulates growth
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| adrenal glands | glands that secrete adrenaline, which stirs up the body, changing breathing, perspiration, heart rate, and so on
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| gonads | the sex glands
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| testes | the male sex glands; they make sperm
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| ovaries | the female sex glands; they make eggs
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| androgens | male hormones; they control sexual interest in both males and females
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| estrogen | the hormone that controls the female reproductive cycle
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| drives | forces that push an organism into action to reach a goal
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| goal | the target of a set of behaviors
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| homeostasis | bodily process of maintaining a balanced internal state
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| blood-sugar level | the amount of sugar contained in the blood, which indicates the level of hunger
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| glucose | sugar in the blood
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| set point | the body-regulating mechanism that determines a person's typical weight
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| curiosity motive | a drive that moves a person to seek new and different things
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| manipulation motive | a drive that moves a person to handle and use objects in the environment
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| intrinsic motivation | motivation that comes from within the individual
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| extrinsic motivation | motivation that comes from outside the individual
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| contact comfort | the satisfaction obtained from pleasant, soft physical stimulation
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| hierarchy of needs | a system that ranks human needs one above the other, with the most basic needs for physical survival at the bottom of the pyramid; proposed by psychologist Abraham Maslow
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| physiological needs | needs at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy: hunger and thirst
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| safety needs | needs at the second level of Maslow's hierarchy: shelter, nest egg of money
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| belongingness needs | needs at the third level of Maslow's hierarchy: friendship, closeness with another
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| self-esteem needs | need at the fourth level of Maslow's hierarchy: liking and respecting yourself, feeling important and useful
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| self-actualization needs | needs at the top of Maslow's hierarchy: establishing meaningful goals and a purpose in life
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| need for affiliation | psychological need to belong to and identify with groups
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| need for approval | psychological need to have other people think highly of oneself
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| need for achievement | psychological need for personal accomplishment
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| opponent-process theory | theory that the presence of one emotion triggers its opposite, which then emerges somewhat later
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| cognition | higher-order thought processes, such as reasoning and problem solving
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| emotional intelligence | the ability to properly feel, deal with, and recognize emotions
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| James-Lange theory | theory of emotion proposing that first the body responds and THEN one feels the emotion
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| Cannon-Bard theory | theory of emotion proposing that the bodily reaction and the emotional response to an event occur at the same time
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| cognitive theory | theory of emotion proposed by Schachter; it holds that people label a bodily response by giving it the name of the emotion they think they are feeling
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| three theories of emotion | Cannon-Bard theory, Schachter's cognitive theory, James-Lange theory
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| construct | a concept requiring a belief in something that cannot be seen or touched but that seems to exist
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| consciousness | the organism's awareness of, or possibility of knowing, what is happening inside or outside itself
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| subconscious | consciousness just below our present awareness
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| unconscious | thoughts or desires about which we have no direct knowledge
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| biological clocks | internal chemical units that control regular cycles in parts of the body
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| free-running cycles | cycles set up by biological clocks that are under their own control, ignoring the environment
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| entrainment | the process of altering the free-running cycle to fit a different rhythm
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| circadian rhythm | sequences of behavioral changes that occur every 24 hours
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| twilight state | relaxed state just before we fall asleep
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| REM sleep | rapid eye movement sleep; the stage of sleep when dreams occur
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| beta waves | rapid brain waves; appear when a person is awake
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| alpha waves | fairly relaxed brain waves that occur in stage 1, just before we go to sleep
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| delta waves | slow, lazy, deep-sleep brain waves
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| NREM sleep | non-rapid eye movement sleep; sleep involving partial thoughts, images, or stories that are poorly organized
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| nightmare | frightening dream that occurs during REM
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| REM rebound | increase in the number of dreams after being deprived of REM sleep
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| night terror | a horrible dream occurring during NREM, when the body is not prepared for it; also called an incubus attack
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| insomnia | the inability to get enough sleep
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| narcolepsy | disorder in which a person falls instantly into sleep no matter what is going on in the environment
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| sleep apnea | condition in which a person's breathing often stops while the person is asleep
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| hypnosis | a state of relaxation in which attention is focused on certain objects, acts, or feelings
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| trance | the state of deep relaxation that can occur during hypnosis
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| meditation | a form of self-control in which the outside world is cut off from consciousness
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